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LINE1 Transcripts Needed to Get Past 2 Cell Stage in Mammals
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[QUOTE="BillTre, post: 6017371, member: 581757"] LINE 1 transcripts have been shown to be necessary for mouse (and maybe all mammals?) embryos to go beyond their 2-cell stage in development. [URL='http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/06/don-t-call-it-junk-jumping-gene-may-be-why-you-made-it-past-embryo?utm_campaign=news_daily_2018-06-21&et_rid=33537079&et_cid=2129797']Science mag news article here[/URL]. LINE ([URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_interspersed_nuclear_element']Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements[/URL]) 1 are retrotransposons (mobile [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfish_genetic_element']selfish DNA elements[/URL]) that are [URL='https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/8/11/3301/2680037']found in eukaryots generally[/URL]. They make up 17% of the human genome. In mouse embryos, LINE1 RNA is required for [I]Dux[/I] silencing, synthesis of rRNA, and exit from the 2-cell stage. This is interesting because the genomic "parasite" is actually doing something useful to the organism. It may be unique to mammals however. Mammals are unusual among vertebrates in that they divide slowly from the beginning of their development and transcribe genes at these early developmental times. Many other vertebrates rapidly go through several early divisions (blastual stages) before their rate of division slows down (at the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midblastula']mid-blastula transition[/URL]) and they start transcription. Non-mammalian vertebrates produce eggs that are made to go through development independent of their female parent. They rapidly produce a lot of small cells, which then interact to form an increasingly complex embryo with several different kinds of cells. Transcription and making new proteins underlies much of this. It would be interesting to see what happens in egg laying mammals ([URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotreme']monotremes[/URL]) like the duck-billed platypus or echidna. This would appear to indicate that this use of LINE 1 transcripts in development was something that was acquired by mammals in their evolution, long after the LINE 1 invasion of the eukaryotic genome. [/QUOTE]
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LINE1 Transcripts Needed to Get Past 2 Cell Stage in Mammals
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