# Ln(-1) = 0 ?

1. ### alba_ei

38
ln(-1) = 0 ???!

supposed that we have

$$\ln(-1)$$

then
$$\frac{2}{2}\ln(-1)$$

so

$$\frac{1}{2}\ln(-1)^2$$

this is equal to

$$\frac{1}{2}\ln(1)$$

and if this is equal to 0 the we can say that

$$ln(-1) = 0$$

is this right , wrong, are there any explanations for this?

2. ### cristo

8,412
Staff Emeritus
The rule of logarithms is a lnx=lnxa. In this case, a=1-- you cannot split it into a fraction and then only take the numerator!

If you look at the logarithm graph, you will see that the function is not defined for negative x.

3. ### morphism

2,020
It's wrong. ln(-1) is no longer a real number, so you can't treat it like one. This is like saying sqrt(-1) = (-1)1/2 = (-1)2/4 = ((-1)2)1/4 = 11/4 = 1.

4. ### morphism

2,020
Actually, that step is perfectly valid in general - (a/a) ln(x) = 1/a ln(x^a), i.e. when everything is defined. Your next line explains why it's not valid here:

5. ### cristo

8,412
Staff Emeritus
Course it is; sorry!

6. ### JustinLevy

894
Really? Why can't one say that ln(-1)= i pi, for e^(i pi) = -1.
Or is there something wrong with that line of logic?

7. ### Semo727

26
logarithm is defined also for complex numbers.
ln(z)=ln(abs(z))+i*arg(z), where z is complex number, abs(z) is complex norm of complex number z, and arg(z) is its argument.
So if -1 is treated as complex number -1+0*i, expression ln(-1) gives sense, but the identity a*ln(z)=ln(z^a) is no longer true.

8. ### cristo

8,412
Staff Emeritus
To satisfy the pedants, I shall re-phrase my above answer. The natural logarithm function, whose argument is a real number and to whom we can apply the standard laws of logarithms, is not defined for negative real numbers.

9. ### JonF

617
for complex z: Ln(z) = ln(|z|) + i*Arg(z)

so ln(-1) = ln(|-1|) + i*Arg(-1) = i*pi

Last edited: Mar 6, 2007
10. ### morphism

2,020
Really? If you were attempting to define the principal branch of Ln, then it ought to be Ln(z) = ln(|z|) + iArg(z), where ln is just the natural logarithm on the reals.

In this case, we have Ln(-1) = ln(|-1|) + iArg(z) = i*pi.

11. ### JonF

617
eh forgot the ln, fixed

12. ### HallsofIvy

40,538
Staff Emeritus
Cristo said, "for negative x". Since the complex numbers are not an ordered field, there are no "negative" complex numbers. Cristo was clearly talking about real numbers.

13. ### Gib Z

3,348
$$\log_e -1 = i\pi + 2ki\pi, k\in \mathbb{Z}$$ Case Closed.

14. ### murshid_islam

362
is the logarithm of complex numbers defined for any other base except 'e'?

15. ### AlphaNumeric

290
Yes, you can still change between various different bases for your logarithms in the same manner as you do for Real numbers.

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