The energy of protons in a cyclotron is calculated using the formula E = qV, where E is the energy, q is the charge of the proton, and V is the voltage of the cyclotron. The voltage is typically in the range of millions of volts, resulting in high energy protons.
The main factors that affect the energy of protons in a cyclotron are the strength of the magnetic field, the radius of the cyclotron, and the voltage applied. A stronger magnetic field and larger radius will result in higher energy protons, while a higher voltage will also increase the energy.
To adjust the energy of protons in a cyclotron, the voltage can be increased or decreased. This can be done by adjusting the power supply or changing the number of turns in the dees of the cyclotron. Additionally, the strength of the magnetic field can also be adjusted to fine-tune the energy of the protons.
The maximum energy that can be achieved by protons in a cyclotron is limited by the strength of the magnetic field. As the protons travel in a spiral path, they will eventually reach a point where they can no longer be accelerated by the magnetic field. The maximum energy is typically in the range of a few hundred MeV (million electron volts).
The energy of protons in a cyclotron is typically measured using a detector that can measure the energy of charged particles. This could be a scintillation counter or a Faraday cup. The energy can also be calculated using the known voltage and magnetic field strength in the cyclotron.