Magnetic fields

1. Sep 11, 2005

Doug007

I've been trying to get my head around the generation of magnetic fields from moving charges. I can see how a moving point charge or even electrons that constitute a current in a wire can generate a magnetic field but when I extend this concept to an idealised current - an infinite uniformly charged rod moving in the direction of its length - I have problems trying to understand how this motion manifests itself as charge movement as there are no point charge movements to detect - the rod is uniformly (smoothly) charged. If no charge movement is detectable - although the rod is moving - how can a magnetic field be generated?

2. Sep 11, 2005

rbj

but your premise that the movement of a uniformly smooth charged rod is indistiguishable from a stationary one, that premise is unfounded. there is a difference between an infinite uniform colomn of water moving past you and an identical one that is not moving.

and an observer travelling alongside the uniform line of charge will see it differently than the observer "at rest" who sees the uniform line of charge moving past at high speed. the first observer sees no magnetic field since the charge is static relative to him. the second sees a magnetic field.

3. Sep 11, 2005

Antiphon

I think the OP's question is more like this;

Once you pass from point charges to massless charge density, how do you assign
the charge density a velocity?

You do it in the same way you would with any continuous field. The problem you have
is not unlike what first year calculus students experience when they have the vansishingly
small dx adding up to a finite value.

You simply associate a velocty distribution function V(r) to the continous charge
density. It's velocity is an axiom of your classical EM problem.

4. Sep 12, 2005

Doug007

This is a tricky issue to describe. I think it may come down to the problem of assigning a velocity to a infinite uniform field as hinted at by the other reponse.

5. Sep 12, 2005

Doug007

Thanks for replying. I do understand your reply but I still have the problem. I've tried to reformulate it as...

If I'm sitting above an infinite continous 2D plane how can I tell if I'm moving relative to the plane or not (not nearer or closer to, just parallel to)? Presumably I must know this before I can assign a velocity distribution to it and presumably to know this I would need to observe some fixed point on the plane moving relative to me. No point exists for the above empty plane nor would it - as far as i can see - if the plane was uniformly charged so it's motion, or mine relative to it would be impossible to determine. The generation of a magnetic field would seem to assign points to the plane - but there arn't any?

6. Sep 12, 2005

krab

You cannot tell. In the reference frame of the charges, you are only experiencing an electric field, but in your reference frame, you are experiencing electric and magnetic fields. The effect of the magnetic field on a test charge is -(v/c)^2 times that of the electric (c is the speed of light). Added together, they produce an effect that is 1-(v/c)^2 times the effect in the reference frame of the plane of charges. This factor can also be derived from time dilation.

7. Sep 12, 2005

Doug007

But how can a reference frame for the charges be constructed because there arn't any? It's a uniform continuous distribution of charge with no discrete points of any form - charge or otherwise - to refer to!!!

8. Sep 12, 2005

rbj

but the "soup" is moving in reference to the "stationary" observer. it matters not that it is discrete little chunks of soup moving past or one continuous glob of it. if the observer pokes his finger into the stream, he'll know whether or not it is moving.

FYI: here is a reposting of a thought experiment you can do to see how this magnetic field comes from the electrostatic field with special relativity taken into consideration. the magnetic force is actually not a different force than the electrostatic force but is a manifestation of it in the context of moving charges in a relativistic reality.

The classical electromagnetic effect is perfectly consistent with the lone
electrostatic effect but with special relativity taken into consideration.
The simplest hypothetical experiment would be two identical parallel
infinite lines of charge (with charge per unit length of $$\lambda \$$
and some non-zero mass per unit length of $$\rho \$$ separated
by some distance $$R \$$. If the lineal mass density is small enough
that gravitational forces can be neglected in comparison to the electrostatic
forces, the static non-relativistic repulsive (outward) acceleration (at the instance
of time that the lines of charge are separated by distance $$R \$$)
for each infinite parallel line of charge would be:

$$a = \frac{F}{m} = \frac{ \frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \frac{2 \lambda^2}{R} }{\rho}$$

If the lines of charge are moving together past the observer at some
velocity, $$v \$$, the non-relativistic electrostatic force would appear to be
unchanged and that would be the acceleration an observer traveling along
with the lines of charge would observe.

Now, if special relativity is considered, the in-motion observer's clock
would be ticking at a relative rate (ticks per unit time or 1/time) of $$\sqrt{1 - v^2/c^2}$$
from the point-of-view of the stationary observer because of time dilation. Since
acceleration is proportional to (1/time)2, the at-rest observer would observe
an acceleration scaled by the square of that rate, or by $${1 - v^2/c^2} \$$,
compared to what the moving observer sees. Then the observed outward
acceleration of the two infinite lines as viewed by the stationary observer would be:

$$a = \left(1 - v^2 / c^2 \right) \frac{ \frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \frac{2 \lambda^2}{R} }{\rho}$$

or

$$a = \frac{F}{m} = \frac{ \frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \frac{2 \lambda^2}{R} - \frac{v^2}{c^2} \frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \frac{2 \lambda^2}{R} }{\rho} = \frac{ F_e - F_m }{\rho}$$

The first term in the numerator, $$F_e \$$, is the electrostatic force (per unit length) outward and is
reduced by the second term, $$F_m \$$, which with a little manipulation, can be shown
to be the classical magnetic force between two lines of charge (or conductors).

The electric current, $$i_0 \$$, in each conductor is

$$i_0 = v \lambda \$$

and $$\frac{1}{\epsilon_0 c^2}$$ is the magnetic permeability

$$\mu_0 = \frac{1}{\epsilon_0 c^2}$$

because $$c^2 = \frac{1}{ \mu_0 \epsilon_0 }$$

so you get for the 2nd force term:

$$F_m = \frac{v^2}{c^2} \frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \frac{2 \lambda^2}{R} = \frac{\mu_0}{4 \pi} \frac{2 i_0^2}{R}$$

which is precisely what the classical E&M textbooks say is the magnetic force (per unit length)
between two parallel conductors, separated by $$R \$$, with identical current $$i_0 \$$.

Last edited: Sep 12, 2005
9. Sep 13, 2005

Doug007

The first paragraph of your reply is relevant to my question, but I'm afraid the rest isn't - I understand the generation of magnetic field via the equations you qoute. I have reformulated the OP as...

"If I'm sitting above an infinite continous 2D plane how can I tell if I'm moving relative to the plane or not (not nearer or closer to, just parallel to)? Presumably I must know this before I can assign a velocity distribution to it and presumably to know this I would need to observe some fixed point on the plane moving relative to me. No point exists for the above empty plane nor would it - as far as i can see - if the plane was uniformly charged so it's motion, or mine relative to it would be impossible to determine. The generation of a magnetic field would seem to assign points to the plane - but there arn't any?"

As for sticking your finger into a plane of this nature no movement would be detected as it has no mass or any other tangible quality apart from it's smoth uniform charge distribution - In Antiphons repsonse, a continous field. The generation of a magnetic field would bely this motion and in doing so allocate points of reference to a plane that has none!

10. Sep 13, 2005

rbj

that's okay, i was just picking up on krab's point and i had the text with equations already written (hanging out in wikipedia's magnetic field talk page).

i guess no points that you can see. a geometric point is not a concept that requires matter or a pixel or a thing to define it.

which is moving (relative to you, the observer).

sure there are points of reference (whether you see them or not). they are points of reference around which no movement of this uniform charge exist.

your infinite plane example does have an interesting point. forget about the movement for a bit, the electric field of this infinite 2D plane of charge is constant, no matter how far away you are from it.

in our 3D classical existence, moving away from a point charge or even a little sphere of charge is an inverse-square effect on field strength (the sphere gets smaller in 2 visible dimensions). moving away from an infinite line of charge is an inverse-proportional effect on field strength (the line gets smaller in 1 dimension). moving away from an infinite plane of charge is one power less in the denominator, a constant field strength because that infinite plane is not getting any smaller (in some hypothetical field of vision), no matter how far you get from it.

11. Sep 14, 2005

Doug007

But a charge would need to be attached to a geometric point in order for movement to be defined and this would necessitate the introduction of non uniform charge distribution. The attachment of a uniform plane of charge would not distinguish it - in terms of movement - from an unattached one!

But the quality of being stationary to the plane cannot be determined (apart from the debatable generation of a magnetic field). If magnetism did not exist how would you determine your motion relative to the uniformly charged plane as you move parallel to it - as distinct from the underlying geometry that makes the math work.

You're right about the inverse square, inverse and constant electric fields that apply to points, lines and planes and it raises an analogues situation: how would an observer situated within such a constant electric field no he was moving relative to it without sighting the plane (which would be a definite point of reference)? Ignore magnetic field generation in this example for the sake of the underlying geometric point I'm making.

Last edited: Sep 14, 2005