# Missing Lagrange Multiplier

I think that many of us have had to endure working with Lagrange multipliers in the past, but it seems to me that it has always been taught incorrectly.

So the statement (if you will allow me to use differential forms) is

Let M be a smooth manifold. Suppose $dg_i$ are linearly independent at each point $p \in M$. If p is a local extremum of f restricted to M then $\exists \lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_k \in \mathbb R$ such that
$$df(p) = \lambda_1 dg_1(p) + \cdots + \lambda_k dg_k(p)$$

Now my issue is that it's well-known that this should be

$$\lambda_0 df(p) = \lambda_1 dg_1(p) + \cdots + \lambda_k dg_k(p)$$

Now normally of course, this wouldn't matter. We could just "normalize by $\lambda_0$" to get rid of it, unless of course $\lambda_0 = 0$. I've seen most of the proofs of this theorem and the $\lambda_0$ never arises. I can't convince myself why it should indeed arise, yet I can give a great deal of evidence that it is necessary.

Am I confusing this with another LM theorem? Does the $\lambda_0$ only arise when we consider problems on sub-Riemannian and symplectic manifolds? In those cases, the $\lambda_i$ are not elements of $\mathbb R$ but instead are covectors in $T^*_p M$.

arildno
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Why should there exist any such missing multiplier??

We have a function $$f(x_{1},...,x_{n}$$, subject to m constraints $$g_{i}(x_{1},...,x_{n})=0$$

Now, we create the uxiliary function:
$$F(x_{i},...,x_{n},\lambda_{1},...,\lambda_{m})=f+\sum_{i=1}^{m}\lambda_{i}g_{i}$$

We minimize F, i.e, we solve the n+m equations $$\nabla_{n+m}F=0$$

This minimum will necessarily meet the constraints upon f, without any additional Lagrange multiplier.

Hey,

Thanks for the reply. Indeed, this seems to be how most of the proofs proceed. However, in higher level settings (especially in differential geometry) the $\lambda_0$ appears in the literature. For example, in sub-Riemannian geometry there have been a great deal of false published proofs that the only length minimizing horizontal geodesics are normal trajectories (satisfy Hamilton's equations when considering the cotangent bundle with the induced cometric). However, Montgomery has given a relative simple counter example of a length minimizing singular trajectory that arises as a critical point of the endpoint mapping. Such critical points are directly analogous to the case where $\lambda_0 = 0$.

Alternatively, the theory of Lagrange multipliers is used in the proof of Pontryagin's principle, arguably the seminal theorem of optimal control theory. While singular controls do not arise often in linear control theory, non-linear theory on manifolds sees singular controls (corresponding to $\lambda_0 = 0$) become an integral part of all solutions.

In both of these situations the multipliers themselves are adjoint orbits on a lifted trajectory. In the case of Pontryagin, the multipliers are covectors on the cotangent bundle induced with its natural symplectic structure. This is why I had alluded to symplectic and sub-Riemannian geometries in my earlier post.

arildno