# I Neutrino mass

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1. May 12, 2018

### Kiley

Why is there an assumption that if neutrinos didn't have mass they would move at the speed of light? and how does the fact they oscillate prove they have mass?

2. May 12, 2018

### ChrisVer

Because of the $E^2 -p^2 = m^2$
When the mass is 0, then the particle moves at the speed of light and there is no reference frame where it appears at rest.

Because the oscillation pattern appears with the mass-squared difference between the neutrinos... if they are massless (or even mass-degenerate) there wouldn't be any oscillation visible.

3. May 12, 2018

### Orodruin

Staff Emeritus
It is not just neutrinos. Anything massless in relativity moves at the speed of light, this follows directly from special relativity.

The oscillation phase in neutrino oscillations is directly proportional to the difference between the squares of the masses of the different neutrino mass eigenstates. This means that at most one out of three neutrino masses can be zero.

4. May 12, 2018

### Janus

Staff Emeritus
Any massless particle is required to travel at c in a vacuum. Massless neutrinos would travel at c for the same reason massless photons do.

The oscillations occur because the the wave length of three mass states (electron, muon, and tau) are different, and thus shift in phase with respect to each other. This phase shift is what creates the oscillation. But for the wavelengths to be different, the mass of the three types of neutrinos have to be different, which in turn means they must be finite and non-zero.

5. May 12, 2018

### Kiley

Thank you all for your replies. Could you recommend any literature of the subject?

6. May 12, 2018

### Staff: Mentor

A suitable introduction to neutrino oscillations depends on how much quantum mechanics you know. Most of the stuff I find with a Google search for "neutrino mass and oscillations" seems to be reviews for physicists who already know something about particle physics and are comfortable with Dirac-bracket notation, superposition of states, etc. Maybe try this on for size, starting with section 4 on page 3:

http://web.mit.edu/shawest/Public/8.06/termPaperDraft.pdf

7. May 12, 2018

### Kiley

Thank you so much Jtbell, this is very helpful! :)

8. May 17, 2018

### Orodruin

Staff Emeritus
Some small bit of nit-picking. The electron muon and tau states are not the neutrino mass states. In fact, it is crucial for oscillations that not only the masses of the mass eigenstates are different, but also that the flavour states, i.e., the electron muon and tau neutrino states, are not equivalent to the mass states but instead are linear combinations of the mass states.

9. Jun 1, 2018

### kimmm

The mass eigenstates are the HamiltonIan eigenstates,but what about the flavour eigenstates,which operator's eigenstates they are?

10. Jun 1, 2018

### Spinnor

The above has confused me for a while, are there any other quantum phenomena in nature that have similar physics to the above?

Thanks!

11. Jun 1, 2018

### Orodruin

Staff Emeritus
Quarks. The difference in the quark sector is that the masses are so different that any interference between the mass eigenstates quickly is subject to decoherence. This is why you have W interactions changing the quark generations.

In terms of quantum oscillations, the mathematics is completely analogous to having a spin precessing in a magnetic field that is not parallel to the direction you are measuring the spin component in. For example, you can have a spin-1/2 particle and measure its x-component to be positive at t = 0. Applying a magnetic field in the z-direction, the probability to measure a positive x-component will oscillate between 0 and 1.

12. Jun 4, 2018

### kimmm

Can I ask a question about the mass eigenstates and flavor eigenstates?
the thing that I understand is that mass eigenstates do not oscillate but the flavors do,and the flavor eigenstates are the superposition of mass eigenstates,and they relate together with a unitary transformation matrix called PMNS,and still we do not know the value of few of neutrino parameters in this matrix, if we find the value of these parametes do we can find the exact value of the neutrinos,like the mass of the electron neutrino or muon neutrinos?
indeed I think I misunderstood the qunatum interpretation of this phenomena,can you help me to understand it?
thanks.

Last edited: Jun 4, 2018
13. Jun 4, 2018

### Staff: Mentor

There is no such thing.
The electron neutrino is a superposition of the three mass eigenstates. It doesn't have a well-defined mass. It only has an expectation value for the mass.

14. Jun 4, 2018

### kimmm

thanks for the reply but still I do not understand the quantum phenomena,so how the superposition is defined by PMNS matrix,and if we know the values of the matrix elements we can not find the definite masses, I mean by mathematics, can you help me to understand how a particle can not have a definite mass?

Last edited: Jun 4, 2018
15. Jun 4, 2018

### Orodruin

Staff Emeritus
We can. Those are the masses of the mass eigenstates. General linear combinations of those do not have a definite mass.

It is no different from whatever quantum system. You can have energy eigenstates that have a definite energy and you can have linear combinations of energy eigenstates that, generally, do not.

16. Jun 4, 2018

### Spinnor

So I did a Google image search, "the mathematics of neutrino oscillation" and came up with the following image,

What more, if anything, than the above is needed to understand neutrino oscillation physics?

Edit, the above just looks like a change of basis?

This is all of it?

Thanks!

Last edited: Jun 4, 2018
17. Jun 4, 2018

### kimmm

So we will never know the exact masses of neutrinos(flavor ones) , as they define by superposition of states?
but just the mass eigenstates by the improvements of experiments,the normal hierarchy or inverted I mean.
is that right?

18. Jun 4, 2018

### Orodruin

Staff Emeritus
It is not a question of not knowing the masses of the flavour eigenstates, it is a matter of the flavour eigenstates not having definite masses.

19. Jun 4, 2018

### Orodruin

Staff Emeritus
That depends on what you put into the word "understand". Effectively, it is just the evolution of a three-state quantum system.

20. Jun 4, 2018