# I Non-constant coefficient

#### dRic2

I was attempting to solve a differential equation using separation of variables' method. After some calculations I got to this:

$$\frac 1 {a(r)} \frac k r \frac d {dr} \left(r \frac {da(r)}{dr} \right) = f$$

and I rearranged to this:

$$\frac k r \frac {da(r)}{dr} + \frac{d^2a(r)}{dr^2} = fa(r)$$

$k$ and $f$ are constants. In a more elegant way:

$$\ddot a + \frac k r \dot a - fa = 0$$

Then I realized I don't know how to solve it because of $\frac 1/r$. I never studied how to solve differential equation with non-constant coefficients. Can anybody help me? Or suggest me some reading that can help me?
Thank you

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#### dRic2

Thank you. I'll be studying it in the next days... see if I can get it done.

#### Chestermiller

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I was attempting to solve a differential equation using separation of variables' method. After some calculations I got to this:

$$\frac 1 {a(r)} \frac k r \frac d {dr} \left(r \frac {da(r)}{dr} \right) = f$$

and I rearranged to this:

$$\frac k r \frac {da(r)}{dr} + \frac{d^2a(r)}{dr^2} = fa(r)$$

$k$ and $f$ are constants. In a more elegant way:

$$\ddot a + \frac k r \dot a - fa = 0$$

Then I realized I don't know how to solve it because of $\frac 1/r$. I never studied how to solve differential equation with non-constant coefficients. Can anybody help me? Or suggest me some reading that can help me?
Thank you
This looks a lot like a Bessel equation. Are you familiar with Bessel functions?

#### Orodruin

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This looks a lot like a Bessel equation. Are you familiar with Bessel functions?
Not only looks like. It is Bessel's differential equation for $k = 0$ (or modified Bessel's differential equation depending on the signs of $f$ and $k$), which is the reason I linked to the Wikipedia page on Bessel functions.

#### Chestermiller

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Not only looks like. It is Bessel's differential equation for $k = 0$ (or modified Bessel's differential equation depending on the signs of $f$ and $k$), which is the reason I linked to the Wikipedia page on Bessel functions.
Oops. Missed that. Sorry.

#### dRic2

Hi, thanks for the replies.

I'm not familiar with Bessel's equation at all (I just happened to see it somewhere some times ago, so I knew there was a solution but I didn't even remember what to search). I checked the wikipedia page and I found out it's used to solve heat/mass transfer problems and it's funny because it is what I'm actually trying to do. So i think I'm on the right spot! :)

Anyway I think it is a bit too advanced to me right know, but I looked it up on "Mathematical methods for physics and engineering" and I found, like wikipedia says, Bessel's equation is:
$$x^2 \ddot y + x \dot y + (x^2-k^2)y = 0$$

$$kr^2 \ddot a + kr \dot a + fr^2a = 0 → r^2 \ddot a + r \dot a + \frac f k r^2a = 0$$

Since I started studying it this morning (with no special background in differential equations) I'd like to know if $\frac f k$ affects the solutions of the equation and how. Thank you

Ps: since I got here by separating variables $ƒ$ is a constant which I no nothing about, I have to use B.C. later on to find it

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#### Orodruin

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Make a variable substitution $r = x \sqrt{k/f}$.

#### dRic2

sorry I don't get it. I still have something different from bessel equation

#### Orodruin

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sorry I don't get it. I still have something different from bessel equation
Please quote what you get, otherwise it is impossible to know where you go wrong.

#### dRic2

Sorry, here:

(In order to make it easier I will put $h = f/k$)

$$\ddot a(r) + \frac 1 r \dot a(r) + ha(r) = 0$$
$$r = x \sqrt \frac 1 h$$
Chain's rule:
$$\frac {da(r)} {dr} = \frac d {dx} a \left(x \sqrt {\frac 1 h} \right) \frac {dx} {dx \sqrt {\frac 1 h}} = \sqrt h \frac d {dx} a \left(x \sqrt \frac 1 h \right)$$
$$\frac {d^2a(r)} {dr^2} = \frac {d^2} {dx^2} a \left(x \sqrt {\frac 1 h} \right) \left( \frac {dx} {dx \sqrt {\frac 1 h}} \right)^2 + \frac d {dx} a \left(x \sqrt \frac 1 h \right) \frac {d^2x} {d \left( x \sqrt \frac 1 h \right)^2 } = h \frac {d^2} {dx^2} a \left( x sqrt \frac 1 h \right)$$
finally:
$$h \frac {d^2} {dx^2} a \left(x \sqrt \frac 1 h\right) + \frac 1 {x \frac 1 h} \sqrt h \frac d {dx} a \left(x \sqrt \frac 1 h \right) + h a \left(x \sqrt \frac 1 h \right) = 0$$
$$\frac {d^2} {dx^2} a \left(x \sqrt \frac 1 h\right) + \frac 1 x \frac d {dx} a \left(x \sqrt \frac 1 h \right) + a \left(x \sqrt \frac 1 h \right) = 0$$

How should I proceed ?

#### Orodruin

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How is that not Bessel's differential equation?

#### dRic2

But there is $\sqrt \frac 1 h$ inside the parenthesis... isn't it a problem?

I mean the solution of Bessel's equation is $a(x) = c_1J_v(x)+c_2J_{-v}(x)$, should I replace $x$ with $x\sqrt \frac 1 h$?

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#### Orodruin

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No, this is not a problem. Just introduce a new function $h(x) = a(x/\sqrt{h})$. This will lead to $a(r) = h(r\sqrt{h})$.

#### dRic2

Oh thank you. Just to be sure, the solution is then $a(r) = cJ_v(r\sqrt h)$?

#### dRic2

Yes, thank you for mentioning @eys_physics. I'll be studying that too in the future. Btw I didn't understand if you are implying that my solution is wrong because I'm like in the middle of the ocean right now ahahah

#### eys_physics

No, your solutions is not wrong. I said that there are in general more solutions. The ones I mentioned, $Y_v$ are singular at the origin (r=0). So, if you want a regular solution they should be disregarded. But, it depends on the actual problem you want to solve, which wasn't clear from your post.

By the Frobenius method you can derive the solution of your equation in terms of series expansion. One can then compare with series expansions existing for the Bessel functions. It takes some effort but can be useful to understand better how to solve this kind of differential equations.

#### Orodruin

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The ones I mentioned, $Y_v$ are singular at the origin (r=0). So, if you want a regular solution they should be disregarded.
This is a common but not completely kosher argument. The question becomes why you want your solution to be regular at r=0. In the end it boils down to the behaviour of the inhomogeneity in your differential equation (typically r=0 is actually just a coordinate singularity in your domain). For example, the Green’s function of the Helmholtz equation in two dimensions involves a Bessel function of the second kind in order to take care of the delta inhomogeneity at r=0. However, as long as your inhomogeneity is sufficiently nice you will be able to assume regularity (and therefore throw away the Bessel functions of the second kind).

Of course, if r=0 is not part of your domain you cannot apply these arguments and you need to include both linearly independent solutions.

#### eys_physics

Thanks, Orodruin for your clarification. I was a bit sloppy with the wording in my post. The word "should" in the quoted sentence wasn't appropriate. I meant that in some cases the irregular solution could be disregarded (depending on the problem statement), but in other cases not as you mention.

"Non-constant coefficient"

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