# I Path Integral in QFT

1. Oct 1, 2018

### Silviu

Hello! I am reading from Schwarz book on QFT the Path Integral chapter and I am confused about something. I attached a SS of that part. So we have $$<\Phi_{j+1}|e^{-i\delta H(t_j)}|\Phi_{j}>=N exp(i\delta t \int d^3x L[\Phi_j,\partial_t \Phi_j])$$ What happens when we have the left and right most terms i.e. $$<\Phi_{1}|e^{-i\delta H(t_0)}|0>$$ and $$<0|e^{-i\delta H(t_n)}|\Phi_{n}>$$ Another thing that I am confused about, where are we using the fact that the state in the beginning and the end is $|0>$? I see we are using the boundaries on time, but I can't see where we use explicitly the fact that we start and end with vacuum i.e. if we had any $<f|i>$ where would we have a different term?

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2. Oct 2, 2018

### Silviu

Anyone please? I am still not sure I understand what I am missing...

3. Oct 2, 2018

### Staff: Mentor

Are you sure this only works with the vacuum and not with other states?

4. Oct 2, 2018

### Silviu

I am not sure about anything right now... But as I said in the post I can't see where he is using the fact that the initial and final sates are the vacuum so technically you would get the same answer no matter what your initial and final states are, which doesn't really make sense to me.

5. Oct 2, 2018

### Staff: Mentor

Well, the right side leads to different results for the first and last term if you plug in different initial states. I'm not sure about the final state.

6. Oct 2, 2018

### Silviu

But I am not sure how does he get the first and last terms. He gives a formula for $\Phi_i$, but $|0>$ is not an eigenstate of $\hat{\Phi}(x,t)$. What confuses me the most is why don't we have boundary terms for the integral. In QM you have boundaries the for the beginning and end points. So here I would expect the field to begin in vacuum at $t_i$, go through all possible field configurations and end up in vacuum at $t_f$ be the way he writes it (and from what I understand from the continuation of the chapter) this integral doesn't have a boundary.

7. Oct 6, 2018

### DarMM

There should be boundary terms on the intermediate path integrals.

Regarding where $|0\rangle$ being the state is used, he doesn't specify this and most books don't. Essentially $|0\rangle$ is an element of $\mathcal{L}^{2}\left(H_{-1/2}\left(\mathbb{R}^{3}\right)\right)$, that is it is a function over the space of classical field configurations at a fixed time. So at the end and start of the path integral you should have something like:
$$\int_{\Phi_N}\Psi\left(\Phi_N\right)|\Phi_N\rangle$$
with $\Psi\left(\Phi_N\right)$ being the vacuum state wavefunction, the analogue of $\Psi\left(q_N\right)$ for the ground state wavefunction in non-relativistic QM. However you can show there is a measure over the space of fields where $\Psi\left(\Phi_N\right) = 1$, so this really just becomes an integral over all final fields.

Same for the initial fields $\Psi_1$.

8. Oct 7, 2018

### MathematicalPhysicist

Isn't your last integral, i.e $\int_{\Phi_N}\Psi\left(\Phi_N\right)|\Phi_N\rangle$

a big abuse of notation, for example where the integration measure, why does the surface of integration is the variable function $\Phi_N$?, I mean it should be some manifold or generally some set, but I don't see where you make this distinction.

9. Oct 7, 2018

### DarMM

Sorry I don't understand. I'm saying one integrates over all $\phi_N$, what exactly the set of all $\Phi_N$ is depends on the dimensionality of the spacetime, so I'm not specifying it as it is unimportant. Things like $|\Phi_N\rangle$ are already an abuse of notation, as they don't exist. As is in fact the entire derivation as the integral can be proven to not converge.

The correct (Osterwalder-Schrader) derivation of the path integral via Minlos's theorem or the Schwinger functions is nothing like this at all.

10. Oct 8, 2018

### MathematicalPhysicist

$|\Phi_N >$ is a ket vector, why doesn't it exist?

11. Oct 8, 2018

### DarMM

Well firstly its analogue in non-relativistic quantum mechanics is:
$$|x_0\rangle = \delta(x - x_0)$$
Which isn't a proper member of the physical Hilbert space. However even ignoring this, in QFT it's:
$$|\Phi_N\rangle = \delta(\Phi - \Phi_N)$$
a delta function over the space of classical fields at a given time, so it is a member of:
$$\mathcal{D}\left(H_{-\frac{1}{2}}\left(\mathbb{R}^{3}\right)\right)$$
that is a map:
$$\delta(\Phi - \Phi_N) : C_0\left(H_{-\frac{1}{2}}\left(\mathbb{R}^{3}\right)\right) \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$$
with $H_{-\frac{1}{2}}\left(\mathbb{R}^{3}\right)$ the Sobolev space of fields at a fixed time, itself containing distributions and $C_0\left(H_{-\frac{1}{2}}\left(\mathbb{R}^{3}\right)\right)$ then being the space of functions of compact support over this space.

Such objects (delta functions over a space of distributions) have no real well-defined rigorous definition for various reasons, such as the structure and nature of $C_0\left(H_{-\frac{1}{2}}\left(\mathbb{R}^{3}\right)\right)$, the difficulties of the notion of compact support over such a space, the measure theory of $H_{-\frac{1}{2}}\left(\mathbb{R}^{3}\right)$ itself being complex (and equivalent to constructing a QFT). In fact there is little mathematical theory on them.

12. Oct 8, 2018

### MathematicalPhysicist

Shouldn't it be $<x|x_0>=\delta(x-x_0)$?

13. Oct 8, 2018

### DarMM

The inner product between two position eigenstates does obey:
$$<x_i|x_j>=\delta(x_i-x_j)$$
but also the functional (really distributional) representation of a given position eigenstate is:
$$|x_0\rangle = \delta(x - x_0)$$
with $x$ the coordinates in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$