# Homework Help: Product rule in differentiation help

1. Apr 14, 2005

### UrbanXrisis

$$\int x sin (2x) dx =?$$
$$u=2x$$
$$du=2dx$$
$$\int \frac{u}{2} sin(u) \frac{du}{2}$$
$$\frac{1}{4} \int usin(u)du$$
$$\frac{1}{4} (\frac{u^2}{2}sin(u)+u(-cos(u)))$$
$$\frac{2x^2}{4} sin(2x)-\frac{1}{2} cos(2x)+C$$

is this correct?

Last edited: Apr 14, 2005
2. Apr 14, 2005

### dextercioby

Nope,it's incorrect.U should have part integrated directly

$$\int x\sin 2x \ dx=-\frac{1}{2}x\cos 2x+\frac{1}{2}\int \cos 2x \ dx=-\frac{1}{2}x\cos 2x+\frac{1}{4}\sin 2x+\mathcal{C}$$

Daniel.

3. Apr 14, 2005

### derekmohammed

Try parts...

4. Apr 14, 2005

### derekmohammed

5. Apr 14, 2005

### UrbanXrisis

6. Apr 14, 2005

### whozum

You can't solve that integral by substitution.

7. Apr 14, 2005

### whozum

By parts you set

u = x, du = dx, v = -cos(2x)/2, dv = sin(2x)dx then

$$\int u dv = uv - \int v du$$ which follows from the product rule of differentiation.

$$\int xsin(2x)dx = \frac{-xcos(2x)}{2} + \frac{1}{2}\int{cos(2x)dx}$$

$$\int{xsin(2x)dx} = \frac{-1}{2}xcos(2x) + \frac{1}{4}sin(2x)$$

8. Apr 14, 2005

### UrbanXrisis

what exactly is parts and is there a website that explains it?

why cant I solve it with subsitution?

9. Apr 14, 2005

### hypermorphism

Integrating by parts is just taking advantage of the result of the using the product rule in differentiation. See here. You choose a factor to integrate and a factor to differentiate in order to make the integral which appears in the right-hand side of the parts equation easier than the integral you started with.
I doubt you can solve the above by substitution alone, as it involves a product of elementary functions, no matter what substitution you make.

Last edited: Apr 14, 2005
10. Apr 14, 2005

### UrbanXrisis

so the basic rule to integration by parts is:

$$\int u dv= uv- \int v du$$
correct?

Last edited: Apr 14, 2005
11. Apr 14, 2005

### hypermorphism

Yep. Choose u and dv such that v*du is a simpler integral. In your case, I would let u = x and v = sin(2x) dx, so that du = dx and v = -(1/2)*cos(2x).

Last edited: Apr 14, 2005
12. Apr 14, 2005

### dextercioby

U can do it using a substitution & power series,tor only power series...

Daniel.

13. Apr 14, 2005

### UrbanXrisis

so I use parts usually when I'm trying to integrate xsin(x) or xcos(x) or xtan(x) ?

what is power series?

14. Apr 14, 2005

### dextercioby

It's quite difficult to integrate

$$I=:\int x\tan x \ dx$$ (1)

,if u don't know some tricks.

Assume $\cos x\neq 0$ (2)

Use parts

$$\int x\tan x \ dx =-x\ln\cos x+\int \ln\cos x \ dx$$ (3)

Denote

$$J=:\int \ln\cos x \ dx$$ (4)

Now,u know that

$$\cos x=\frac{e^{ix}+e^{-ix}}{2}$$ (5)

Therefore

$$J=\int \ln\left(\frac{e^{ix}+e^{-ix}}{2}\right) \ dx$$ (6)

Use the property of the logarithm to write

$$J=\int \ln\left[e^{ix}\left(1+e^{-2ix}\right)\right] \ dx -\int \ln 2 \ dx =\int \ln e^{ix} \ dx +\int \ln\left(1+e^{-2ix}\right) \ dx - x\ln 2$$
$$= i\frac{x^{2}}{2}-x\ln 2 + K$$(7)

,where

$$K=:\int \ln\left(1+e^{-2ix}\right) \ dx$$ (8)

Make the substitution

$$e^{-2ix}=u$$ (9)

$$dx=\frac{i}{2u} du$$ (10)

Then K becomes

$$K=\frac{i}{2}\int \left[\frac{\ln(1+u)}{u}\right] \ du =-\frac{i}{2}\mbox{dilog}(1+u) +\mathcal{C}=-\frac{i}{2}\mbox{dilog}\left(1+e^{-2ix}\right)+\mathcal{C}$$ (11)

Therefore,from (1),(3),(4),(7),(11),one gets

$$\int x\tan x \ dx=-x\ln\cos x+i\frac{x^{2}}{2}-x\ln 2-\frac{i}{2}\mbox{dilog}\left(1+e^{-2ix}\right)+\mathcal{C}$$

Daniel.

Last edited: Apr 14, 2005
15. Apr 14, 2005

### dextercioby

Power series:series expansions (Taylor,Laurent) of analytical functions.It's a method to integrate.However,care must be taken with the convergence of such series...

Daniel.

16. Apr 15, 2005

### UrbanXrisis

I did not know that $$\cos x=\frac{e^{ix}+e^{-ix}}{2}$$

what is the expression $$e^{ix}$$ mean?

17. Apr 15, 2005

### dextercioby

The famous Euler's formula

$$e^{ix}=\cos x+i\sin x$$

Daniel.

18. Apr 15, 2005

### HallsofIvy

it means, of course, e to the power ix where i is the "imaginary unit": i2= -1.

One problem I have with your posts is that you seem to be posting problems well well in advance of what you know. That is, you post calculus problems that require some basic algebra technique and when someone points that out, you don't know the algebra. I would expect that someone who was taking calculus would have already been exposed to imaginary numbers and, even if not, comfortable with them, have seen eix= cos(x)+ i sin(x) before.

19. Apr 15, 2005

### UrbanXrisis

I guess there is some lack of knowledge on my part then. Probably my basic foundation of math has not been ingrained in my brain yet, that's why I might ask some basic questions to be explained, just to reinforce these foundations. However, I am greatly in debt for all the help and explanations that I have gotten, so thank you all helping me on my 800+ posts

by the way, I have never seen eix= cos(x)+ i sin(x) before

20. Apr 15, 2005

### whozum

In all fairness I've completed the calc requirement for physics and only saw that equation after coming to PF.

$$e^{ix}= cos(x)+ i sin(x)$$

Though ofcourse I immediately looked it up and found the derivation and reasoning for it, so I'm cool now. :)

21. Apr 15, 2005

### dextercioby

I haven't been taught that formula in HS maths,but i used in physics when solving problems in alternative current.Instead of phasors and trigonometry,it's better to use complex algebra & trigonometry.

Daniel.

22. Apr 15, 2005

### Jameson

All you need to know to do the integral you first posted was the method for Integration by Parts, which you seem to grasp now. If you are in Calc I, I wouldn't worry about Euler's identity. You might see some kind of integral where hyperbolic substitution is necessary, but not for this problem. Did you figure out the correct answer?

Jameson

23. Apr 15, 2005

### UrbanXrisis

Yes I understand how to do the question now, my teacher said that he had mistakenly given us that question and that it's a Calc II topic. I did hand in the homework with the Integration by Parts so I think he will be impressed. Also, yes, I am still in high school and for that fact, I will need much guidance to grasp new concepts (such as integration by parts).

This is all leading up to another question. Previously, I was taught the rule that $$\int\frac{du}{a^2+u^2} = \frac{1}{a}\arctan\frac{u}{a} + C$$

in a recent example, I saw http://home.earthlink.net/~urban-xrisis/phy001.gif [Broken]

I'm trying to follow their process but I'm having trouble:
$$a=-1$$
$$u=-e^{t}$$
$$du=-e^{t}$$ (du is the derivitive of u right?)

so it would be...
$$\frac{1}{-1} tan ^{-1} \frac{-e^t}{-1}$$ but I dont know how to incorporate the one minus in the front of the equation.

$$\int\frac{du}{a^2+u^2} = \frac{-e^t}{-1^2+(-e^t)^2}$$

what am I doing wrong? how is du = -1?

Last edited by a moderator: May 2, 2017
24. Apr 15, 2005

### dextercioby

Try the subsititution

$$x=a\tan t$$

it will be very simple.

Daniel.

25. Apr 15, 2005

### UrbanXrisis

I'm not catching what you mean by subsitution. Is that a u-subsitution? what does the $$_{atant}$$ represent? where do I sub that into?