nil1996 said:
Optical isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism where two or more molecules have the same molecular formula and connectivity, but differ in the arrangement of their atoms in three-dimensional space. This results in mirror-image molecules, known as enantiomers, that cannot be superimposed on each other.
Optical isomerism is different from other types of isomerism, such as constitutional isomerism and geometrical isomerism, because it involves the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule. This means that the molecules have the same chemical and physical properties, but their interactions with polarized light differ.
Optical isomerism is caused by the presence of a chiral center in a molecule. A chiral center is an atom that is bonded to four different groups, resulting in two possible arrangements of these groups in three-dimensional space. This leads to the formation of two enantiomers.
Optical isomerism can be identified through a few methods, including polarimetry and X-ray crystallography. In polarimetry, the ability of a molecule to rotate the plane of polarized light is measured. In X-ray crystallography, the three-dimensional structure of a molecule can be determined, allowing for the identification of chiral centers and the arrangement of substituent groups.
Optical isomerism has many applications in fields such as pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and food chemistry. Enantiomers of a molecule can have different biological activities, making them useful in drug development. In agriculture, enantiomers can have different effects on plant growth. In food chemistry, enantiomers can contribute to the flavor and aroma of food products.