# Stock market a random walk?

1. Dec 26, 2009

### Gerenuk

My impression from looking through the internet is, that it is a well-accepted opinion that stock market calculations are based on the random walk hypothesis.

A friend of mine says otherwise. Could you provide some opinions or rather references to prove one view or the other?

2. Dec 26, 2009

### mugaliens

It's based on the "efficient market" hypothesis. A lot of people believe this holds true. However, if it were true, a stock's value would only change either proportional to the market as a whole, the market segment, or the company itself.

Instead, we find stocks rising and falling all the time for no apparent reason. I say "apparent" because they are rising and falling for some reason!

That reason is rapidly changing demand for that company's stock. The problem is that the demand variance far exceeds intrinsic value changes in the market, market segment, or the company.

The $64 Trilion Question is why? The fluctuations beyond value changes appear random, but they are most certainly not random, nor are they pseudo-random. There are three primary factors affecting the market as a whole, the market segment, and the company in particular: 1. Market (and market segment) optimism/pessimism. Market optimism in the 1990s, particularly in dot-coms, was rampant. As a result, it overinflated stock prices in the dot-com sector, which tended to bleed over and overinflate prices in other sectors. Throughout most of this century's first decade, and more sharply, from about 1.5 years ago to 6 months ago, pessimism has depressed the market as a whole, but things are back on the upswing in recent months. The savvy investor can adjusting a stock's price as compared to the overall market and discern a truer idea of the stock's value. 2. News. Stock prices rise on good news and drop on bad news. The problem is, by the time the news hits the streets, prices have already adjusted. Sometimes, however, price fluctuations overreact or underreact to the news. The savvy investor is well-tuned to the market and the company, and can discern whether or not the reaction is over/under, and thereby capitalize on the differences. 3. Market trends. This is simply figuring out what most people will want before most people figure it out for themselves. Apples i-Everything seems to have caught on with the masses. Then there's always The Unknown Factor: Who'd have thought Jobs would come back to work for Apple and more than quadruple it's value over the last 5 years? That's 43% a year! Yes, he was largely responsible for i-X's success, but the question is: Would iPhone and iEverything else exist if he hadn't? It's nearly impossible to guess the 5 w's of an X-Factor before it happens. Even after it happens, it's still difficult to correctly guage its effects. However, when it became known that Jobs was back on the job, Apple's stock soared. Savvy investors dumped loads of capital into AAPL the moment it was known that Jobs had returned, and they're still reaping the benefits, today! 3. Dec 26, 2009 ### whome9 Do a hypothesis test for randomness to the .05 level of significance. There is certainly enough data available. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness_tests 4. Dec 27, 2009 ### Gerenuk My friend and I, we are good at science but don't know much about economy details. Can you provide a reference that supports the efficient market hypothesis. I mean a line saying that a Noble winner or the majority of economists or whoever believes in it Of course, one doesn't even have to explain this in a complicating way, but one could even simply say the market depends on what people do and they do it for a reason. But that is not the question. Assuming that a mathematician is only given the history of the stock price and no further real world knowledge: will he be able to extract a non-zero trend for the future and make a profit? 5. Dec 27, 2009 ### Astronuc Staff Emeritus Please refer to - http://www.investopedia.com/articles/02/101502.asp http://www.princeton.edu/~ceps/workingpapers/91malkiel.pdf and one can search Google with "Efficient Market Hypothesis" (EMH) Knowing only the price history of a stock will not be necessarily useful to predict future trends - simply because market or economic conditions change. Companies change their focus, and some companies maintain steady business models, while others implode. Take a look at Apple Inc (AAPL) or Oracle (ORCL) vs Exxon-Mobil (XON) or the other Dow 30 Components. Take a look at Bear Stearns or Lehman Brothers (two of the 5 major Wall Street investment banks which collapsed in 2008). Look into Greenlight Capital - https://www.greenlightcapital.com/ - which famously or infamously shorted Lehman Brothers, which probably helped the collapse. Pay attention to sites like - http://dealbreaker.com/greenlight_capital/ A classic case of failure - http://www.post-gazette.com/westinghouse/prologue.asp And one should research the demise of Penn Central - The Wreck of the Penn Central (Paperback) by Joseph R. Daughen (Author), Peter Binzen (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Wreck-Penn-Central-Joseph-Daughen/dp/1893122085 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Central_Transportation_Company It's amazing how history is repeated over and over again in the financial markets and corporate America. Last edited by a moderator: May 4, 2017 6. Dec 27, 2009 ### shoehorn The efficient market hypotheses always fail spectacularly over almost any time horizon of interest. This will be grimly familiar to anyone who has spent time studying, say, the black-scholes model for derivatives pricing. 7. Dec 27, 2009 ### Gerenuk That is not directly related to my question though. The question is if anyone can predict a trend and achieve a positive expectation value of return. I'm rather looking for citations than opinions, because one can probably find both sides, but it is clear that there cannot be a positive expectation value (at least with a well-known formula) since otherwise we all would be millionaires from nothing. 8. Dec 28, 2009 ### shoehorn Well, your question is itself ill posed. It's not that you're looking for a positive expectation in order to turn a profit but an expectation that gives you a better return than a riskless bond over the same period. This is discussed in detail in plenty of finance books, Hull being a good example of such a discussion within the context of arbitrage portfolios. 9. Dec 28, 2009 ### Gerenuk It's inappropriate to say you know better what my question is. I said I'm looking for evidence that someone can extract a non-zero future expectation value for stock prices from just looking at the stock history. Also I do not have access to so many books and don't have to time to read them. So what I'd appreciate most is an online reference making a statement about who believes in the efficient market hypothesis and who doesn't. 10. Dec 28, 2009 ### SystemTheory A surfer doesn't do statistics, but positions the surf board where the waves are on average about to break, and learns the skill necessary to ride waves. This is similar to the skill of a fisherman or hunter. You recognize patterns in somewhat random events, position yourself for success, and adapt to circumstances as they unfold. It is not a pure math problem! Making Money in Stocks and Investors Business Daily are published by William J. O'Neil, a man with a track record for identify winning stocks and exploiting price waves for personal gain. Although only a few people will outperform the market at any given time, it is my experience that a skilled trader can consistently outperform a random walk portfolio. The key to making money from price wave patterns is partial reversibility of your bets, and buy, hold, and sell rules based on fundamental and technical analysis. This is way to deal with randomness using strategic behavior. Imagine a horse race where you can take back 90% of your bet and place it on another horse at any time during the race! That's a strategy for picking winners as the race goes on ... that's the stock market! 11. Dec 28, 2009 ### shoehorn I guess it's a good thing that I said no such thing then. The fact that I can point out that a question is ill-posed doesn't imply that I can think of a better question. It simply means that the way you put the question doesn't make sense. Ah, my apologies. I thought you were more interested in, y'know, actual facts as opposed to the results of an internet vote. 12. Dec 28, 2009 ### Gerenuk It might not make sense to you, but other people find it less hard to understand. Also it's absolutely OK to say it's ill-posed and ask what I could have meant by the question, but it's inappropriate to claim you know better that I actually wanted to ask another question. You again haven't understood what was written. I rather need a full quote (rather than only a reference) posted on the internet with a reference given. I find it useless if someone gives me a random unrelated reference just because he has happened to read that book. 13. Dec 29, 2009 ### mugaliens http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_market_hypothesis" [Broken] I'm not sure of any Nobel winners on tap, but the notes and references in the Wikipedia link, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/glob...on-that-markets-are-rational/article1206213/", provide some interesting information. In short, EMH has been largely disproven. Investors are not rational. I think a keen, dispassionate observer of human behavior would have better luck than a mathematician. On the other hand, Warren Buffet's approach is to simply buy firms who's fundamental (financial/economic indicators) are well above their stock price. His approach assumes the market is indeed irrational, and that the EMH is bunk. Judging by his success, I'd say he's right. Last edited by a moderator: May 4, 2017 14. Dec 29, 2009 ### CRGreathouse You know that this is a silly statement, right? Even if the strong form of the EMH was true, there would still be Buffet-like investors making Buffet-like returns. Not quite. Buffet's approach assumes that the strong and semi-strong forms of the EMH are false. But his approach does not require the falsity of the weak form (which essentially says that technical analysis will fail). Last edited: Dec 29, 2009 15. Dec 30, 2009 ### Gerenuk I have only limited knowledge about this topic, but the connection between random walk and EMH seems dodgy. I think that is not related to my question (directly). I wanted to know if the stock prices are a random walk. Maybe proving EMH would prove RW, but disproving EMH doesn not disprove RW! That is also not related to my question if you mean that the observer should follow the news. I'm only talking about a mathematical analysis that can show that there is a detectable dependency of stock prices on its history such that one can make a profit out of it. "Real world" information are not an issue here. Last edited by a moderator: May 4, 2017 16. Dec 30, 2009 ### mheslep The must be qualified to 'sometimes' or 'under some circumstances', otherwise you have no hope of ever finding 17. Dec 30, 2009 ### Astronuc Staff Emeritus Perhaps it's more accurate to say that a majority of investors are irrational, and there are those willing to take advantage of those investors. Warren Buffett and others are clearly rational investors who do their homework and buy on value. Another example is David Einhorn who reads the 10Q's and 10K's, listens to comments by CFO's and if he sees inconsistencies in the information shorts (bets against) those companies. Buffett and Einhorn have made$billions, while others have lost \$billions.

18. Dec 30, 2009

### SystemTheory

Competition Demystified is the proper book to read if you wish to understand Buffet style investment strategies. The main idea is that the efficient market requires a level playing field, meaning there are no barriers to entry in the industry segment. In reality there are many barriers to entry and leading firms achieve economies of scale. Warren Buffet picks the large firms with an established competitive edge that is nearly impossible to overcome in a few decades of time ... therefore these firms generate cash in a relatively predictable way.

This book does not cover other strategies. There are many players in the market and they follow different strategies, some of which are reasonable and some of which are not. A good day trader is not a gambler per se, his strategy is just as reasonable as Buffet's for a short trade horizon. For example, after 9/11, when the long term investors are panicked with no liquidity, a strict day trader is sitting on cash. Time in the market is RISK to a day trader, and they don't like that risk.

Rationality is just the ability to quantify and compare, but a reasonable strategy must have something to do with increasing one's odds of winning. People do things that are rational yet unreasonable (depending on your value system) every single day.

I suggest both positions are true. Stock prices are statistically random and there is no "holy grail" of technical analysis capable of predicting future prices. Note that studing only price and volume using pure math is technical analysis. Humans are biologically adapted to develop skill to anticipate risk, and since the market is a psychobiological communication scheme, there are those who are better at converting risk into reward than the other biological entities playing the game.