# Stress Tensor

1. Jul 14, 2005

### quasi426

Can someone explain to me why the stress tensor is symmetrical. I understand that Sij=Sji , but can someone give me the assumption or the physical reason why this is true. Thanks.

2. Jul 14, 2005

### PerennialII

Continuum mechanics is based essentially on laws of conservation of mass, balance of momentum and balance of moment of momentum, the two latter based on Newton's 2nd. Balance of momentum leads to the Cauchy's equation of motion :

$$\nabla \cdot \bfseries\sigma + \rho b = \rho \frac{D}{Dt}v$$

where $\sigma$ is the Cauchy (true) stress tensor. The symmetricity of the Cauchy stress tensor arises from the law of balance of moment of momentum (complete presentations, and best IMO, are typically in thermomechanics books & papers),

$$\oint (r\times T) dA + \int (r \times \rho b) dV = \frac{D}{Dt} \int (r \times \rho v) dV$$

(if the presentation looks unfamiliar you can 'tie' it to for example 'typical' presentations in relation to Newton's 2nd in dynamics books)

where r is a vector from an arbitrary point to a material point, V is an arbitrary subsystem volume, A its area, T traction vector, $\rho$ density, b body force vector, v velocity of a material point and I'm using $D/Dt$ for the material derivative operator. Substituting to the above the law of balance of momentum (take the $r\times$ off and got it), the Cauchy's equation of motion and somewhat lengthy manipulation the above reduces to

$$\int e_{ijk}\sigma_{jk}i_{i}dV=0$$

where $e_{ijk}$ is the permutation symbol, and since the integrand of the above has to vanish everywhere within the system one arrives at

$$e_{ijk}\sigma_{jk}=0$$

and writing the permutation symbol open leads to

$$\sigma=\sigma^{T}$$

.... so all in all it results from balance of moment of momentum, in a sense it's understandable that it requires the stress tensor to be symmetric considering its role in equilibrium equations.

3. Nov 28, 2008

### farimani

4. Nov 28, 2008

### tiny-tim

5. Nov 28, 2008