# Unpaired electronS

1. Nov 10, 2006

### quasar987

In Reif's thermo book, one can read

"Consider a substance which contains n magnetics atoms per unit volumes and which is placed in an external magnetic hield B. Assume that each atom has spin 1/2 (corresponding to one unpaired electron) and an intrinsic magnetic moment of $\mu$."

He makes it sound like it's possible to have more than one unpaired electron. Is this so? I interpret "unpaired" as "there is one electron in a state r and spin up (resp. down) such that there are no electrons in state r with spin down (resp. up). But as soon as you add one more electrons, it will get in state r with spin down (resp. up) so there are no more unpaired electrons. Hence it's impossible to have more than 1 unpaired. Is this how it work?

2. Nov 10, 2006

### inha

I'm not sure if I understand you completely but... look up Hund's rules. An atom can have more than one unpaired electron. They're in different angular momentum states though.

3. Nov 10, 2006

### dextercioby

Surely if you've ever studied chemistry you might know that "unpaired electrons" occur when writing the electron configurations for various atoms. For instance, the Carbon atom has 2 unpaired electrons, N has 3, etc.

Daniel.

4. Nov 10, 2006

### quasar987

What is an unpaired electron then?

I've said what I remember from chemistry. You fill up the states two by two since an up and a down can occupy the same state. If there is an even number of electrons, there there is no unpaired electrons; if the number is odd there is one.

5. Nov 13, 2006

### dextercioby

Nope, Hund rules make it that the Carbon atom which had 6 electrons altogether have the configuration

1s2 2s2 2p2

, but the 2 electrons in the "p" orbital are uncoupled (i.e. in different total angular momentul states), meaning that the spins are not antiparallel in the same orbital (p_{x}), but are alligned & parallel in the 2 orbitals:2p_{x} & 2p_{y}, rendering the total spin 1, instead of 0.

Daniel.

6. Nov 13, 2006

### quasar987

Ah, I see, thank you.