Alpha particles can be distinguished from beta particles in a cloud chamber or particle accelerator by their ionization capabilities and mass. Alpha particles, being helium nuclei, ionize more gas molecules than beta particles, resulting in greater alcohol and water production. They are also heavier and experience less deflection compared to the lighter beta particles, which are electrons. Understanding these physical properties helps clarify the differences between the two types of particles. The discussion emphasizes the importance of recognizing these characteristics for accurate particle identification.