But wouldn't a closed universe mean that it's closed both in space and time? If it's closed in time, that means it would EVENTUALLY stop expanding, right? Plus, I read up how gravity can become a repulsive force when the universe is at high energy densities, according to Martin Bojowald (leading...
I found out that the negative pressure that dark energy is supposed to have, would help an "already" expanding universe accelerate. A closed universe is supposed to eventually slow down and the velocity of the expansion drops below the escape velocity needed to escape the gravitational effects...
Based on theories of an accelerating universe, how can the creation and annihilation of pairs of particles/anti-particles (virtual particles) generate energy in a vacuum (space) thus contribute to Eintstein's theory of a cosmological constant (positive pressure).
And if the quantum...