Just to show some pictures, you can imagine the ising model for example - spins taking values in $\{+1,-1\}$, with a small ('longitudinal', I suppose) field biasing it so that $\{-1\}$ is the true vacuum. Explicitly, the hamiltonian looks something like:
$$H = -J\sum_{\langle i,j \rangle}...
If I look at the photon propagator <A_mu (x) A^nu(0) > in momentum space, as I understand it I am to compute this by summing up all the self-energy diagrams of the photon, which look like:
photon -> stuff -> photon
In particular, since the photon shares the same quantum numbers as the Z, you...
Specifically, the construction is via the exponential map (taking Lie Algebra ~ tangent space at identity and exponentiating to get elements in the Lie Group). It isn't necessary that this exponential map is surjective even in the connected case...
Just to add some thoughts - this phenomena where the W bosons "only exist formally" and are never directly observed happens all the time; for instance you never observe the Higgs Boson either; only its decay products. But, by looking at the distribution of the observed decay products (e.g. one...
I feel like people are making it out to be more complicated than it is: the whole idea behind persistent homology is that
1) high dimensional structured data (e.g. images) often lives on some sub manifolds in the total space; and these manifolds often have nontrivial topological data associated...
i guess there is no way to make like say a car from really dense light huh
or am I just being really dense
hohonahh I am just like have very little knowledge with this kind of stuff and I was just thinking that if like THEORETICALLY if you made a car from light and you rode it, then if you...
-Im kinda bad with physics and just thought any help with understanding this is great
So I just read on the internet a little bit about light, and as far as I have learnt, light is made of photons, and photons demonstrate qualities of both particles and waves. Whilst apparently they have no...