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Ion exchange is the best way to remove potassium (and other ions). The technique is widely used to improve "hard water". In this case...

Yes I agree with that but the initial question seems to be about just the effect of an EM wave on an electron in a plasma and does not...

Yes agree. Disregarding Earth's magnetic field, I think the electron in the ionosphere will have simple harmonic motion which is greater...

This is my simple thinking on the topic. If I consider the ionosphere as a conductor, then neglecting Earth's magnetic field, the...

Maybe I miss the point of this discussion, but I cannot understand how an EM wave can induce a direct current in the ionosphere. EM...

I think this phenomenon will occur with any wave, such as sound. The small diameter wavefront seen at optical frequencies may be...

Another interesting case is the bottom point of a train wheel, which is travelling backwards.

As a radio engineer, it seems to me to resemble some behaviour which was well known by 1910. If we have two resonant circuits of the...

Heeling is caused by the couple created by the sideways force of the sails and the opposing sideways lift of the keel. Heeling is...

May I mention again that the leeway angle is equal to the angle of attack of the keel. It is important that the area of the foil is...

For a column in compression, according to Euler's formula, the buckling strength is not sensitive to the yield strength of the material...

Maybe first consider the function of a fin (or centreboard on a small craft). The sail is a aerofoil in the wind and a fin is an...

How are you going to measure potential difference without introducing electrons into the process?

If I place an electric circuit, containing a suitable indicator, in the path of an EM wave I can notice a current being created.