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asdf1
Dec3-05, 05:53 AM
could someone explain this paragraph taken from "concepts of modern physics" by arthur beiser pg175? i'm having trouble understanding it...

"A dynamical variable G may not be quantized. In this case, measurements of G made on a number of identical systems will not yield a unique result but instead a spread of values whose average is the expectation value
<G>=(integrate) G(psi^2)dx"

and why if the electron's position in the hydrogen atom isn't quantized, we have to think of the electron in the vicinity of the nuvleus with a ceratian probability?

Galileo
Dec3-05, 09:18 AM
Some physical observables can take on discrete (quantized) values, like the energy of a particle in an infinite potential well, harmonic oscillator, or the energy of the electron in an hydrogen atom. In this case the eigenvalue-spectrum of the corresponding observable is discrete. This is not always the case though. The observables of position and momentum have a continuous spectrum (ie, not quantized).
The expectation value is calculated the same way as with any observable:
<G>=<\psi|G|\psi>

So the position of the electron in a hydrogen atom in not quantized (it's after all described by a continuous wavefunction) and thus given by a probability density |psi|^2

asdf1
Dec3-05, 09:24 AM
thank you very much for explaining!!!:)