## Why is ∞+1=∞?

The proof that 1/2+1/4+1/8+...=1 goes like this:
X=1/2+1/4+1/8+...
2X=2/2+2/4+1/8+...
2X=1+1/2+1/4+...
2X-X=1+(1/2-1/2)+(1/4-1/4)+...
X=1

The assumption that goes with this is that we can pair up the first term of X with the second term of 2X and so on without having the smallest term of X leftover. This is because there are infinitely many terms and ∞+1=∞.

The result seems intuitively satisfying, the term that is "ignored" is after all infinitely small. But lets look at another example where we "ignore" the largest term:
X=1+2+4+...
2X=2+4+8+...
2X-X=-1+(2-2)+(4-4)+...
X=-1

So here we see that we get a negative number from adding up only positive numbers. Also we get a finite number from something that goes towards infinity. This is intuitively not very satisfying in my opinion and ought to be a proof that ∞+1=∞ doesn't work.
After all X is also an infinity ∞, so:
∞+1=∞
-1+1=-1
0=-1

Also since:
∞=∞+1
We can add as many as we like
∞=∞+1+1+1+...
∞=∞+∞
∞=∞+∞+∞+∞+....
∞=∞*∞
∞/∞=∞

This is not only not intuitive, it is completely useless, since anything "tainted" by this type of infinite, will be impossible to calculate anything with.

Also lets try the pairing up method for 1...000 and 0
1...000=...000=0
Every zero in the large number can be paired up with every zero in 000...
So we have both
∞=0 and ∞=-1
again
0=-1

If on the other hand we say:
∞≠∞+1
We get an infinite amount of infinities that are not equal.
Further if we write the infinite in this way:
∞=X+Y+Z+...
∞/∞=1 because there will always be an equal amount of terms (infinite or not).
That also means that
X=2∞
X/∞=2
So one infinite divided by another can be any finite.
Also
∞*∞=X
X/∞=∞
That means that dividing infinities can also get you an infinite.

Lets try to assume that an infinite divided by a finite X could yield another finite Y:
∞/X=Y
∞=YX

Since the product of two finite numbers can never be infinite, we know this is incorrect.
Also we can also say something about the infinities divisibility, like 2+2+2+... is divisible by 2.

Anyway now we get different results for a lot of calculations:
1/2+1/4+1/8+...=1+1/∞ (where ∞ is the number of terms)

X=1+2+4+... = 2^(∞-1)-1

1=0.999...+0.1^∞ (∞ being the number of nines)

If you have an infinite hotel fully booked, you cannot fit any more people in.

This makes much more sense to me. What do you think?

 Recognitions: Science Advisor The method for the first case works because the series converges. All your other examples violate this, so the manipulations are invalid.
 Blog Entries: 2 I think the mistake you are making is to treat infinity as a number. I believe that infinity is not a number and thus can not be added or divided by itself or by another number. Also there is no such thing as a fully book hotel with an infinity of rooms.

## Why is ∞+1=∞?

 Quote by mathman The method for the first case works because the series converges. All your other examples violate this, so the manipulations are invalid.
So the rules for when you can use the pairing up method is when the series is infinite, but does not go towards infinity? That rule sounds too arbitrary, I would like to see the proof behind it.

 Quote by ramsey2879 I think the mistake you are making is to treat infinity as a number. I believe that infinity is not a number and thus can not be added or divided by itself or by another number. Also there is no such thing as a fully book hotel with an infinity of rooms.
You make a good point, you cannot calculate with infinity as it is used right now. In other words it is useless and you are in trouble if you need to calculate something that has to do with infinities. The infinite hotel is a reference to "Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel".

Blog Entries: 2
 Quote by JohnLuck Also lets try the pairing up method for 1...000 and 0 1...000=...000=0 Every zero in the large number can be paired up with every zero in 000... So we have both ∞=0 and ∞=-1 again 0=-1 This makes much more sense to me. What do you think?
The problem with this is that it doesn't make sense in the first place to say that any finite or infinite number is equal to 0 merely because you can pair 0's with 0's. That is like saying that 1000000-100000 = 900000 +000000 => 1-100000 = 900000 because you can cancel out the zeros from the first and last terms which is incorrect.

 Quote by JohnLuck So the rules for when you can use the pairing up method is when the series is infinite, but does not go towards infinity? That rule sounds too arbitrary, I would like to see the proof behind it.
The rule is that the sum must be finite. If the series does not converge than obviously you can't sum the two series, because you have infinity - infinity.

 Quote by JohnLuck You make a good point, you cannot calculate with infinity as it is used right now. In other words it is useless and you are in trouble if you need to calculate something that has to do with infinities. The infinite hotel is a reference to "Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel".
You can calculate with infinity if you calculate within the rules. The same holds for zero for example. You can calculate with it, but you can't divide by it. Are you claiming that zero is useless, because you can't use it the same way as 5?

 Quote by ramsey2879 The problem with this is that it doesn't make sense in the first place to say that any finite or infinite number is equal to 0 merely because you can pair 0's with 0's. That is like saying that 1000000-100000 = 900000 +000000 => 1-100000 = 900000 because you can cancel out the zeros from the first and last terms which is incorrect.
I see your point. But actually this is just one indication that the infinite "pairing up" method is wrong, even if this example doesn't hold, I might still be right. Secondly this method is used to prove for example that 1=0.999...
X=0.999...
10X=9.999...
10X-X=9
X=1
The trick is here 10X should have the least significant digit 10 times as large as X. The reasoning goes that you can pair these up all the way to infinity and there is therefore no least significant digit. This is the same logic I used in my example, but because I disregard the most significant digit by doing this, I get a very different number, where as when we do it for the smallest significant number, we get an infinitely small difference.

 Quote by Dead Boss The rule is that the sum must be finite. If the series does not converge than obviously you can't sum the two series, because you have infinity - infinity. You can calculate with infinity if you calculate within the rules. The same holds for zero for example. You can calculate with it, but you can't divide by it. Are you claiming that zero is useless, because you can't use it the same way as 5?
Thank you for your reply. First of all, you can add, subtract and multiply by zero, where as you can not do any mathematical operation with ∞, so that is not what I am saying.
But I would rather argue that I just think this other way of looking at infinity gives us more options to calculate with it and seems to eliminate a lot of "paradoxes". I do not think my way of calculating with infinities is inherently more correct than the standard way, for the same reason that I do not think base 10 is more correct than base 3. I just think it is more useful.

I know that Feynman had to use some non standard infinity calculation methods to derive his equations of quantum electrodynamics, I would love to know what it was.

 Quote by JohnLuck First of all, you can add, subtract and multiply by zero, where as you can not do any mathematical operation with ∞, so that is not what I am saying.
This is not true. You cannot do so in real numbers because ∞ is not defined on reals, but there exists the extended real number line, which defines +∞ and -∞. You CAN do some arithmetic operations on infinity in such case. It is commonly used when doing calculus, when computing limits for instance.

 But I would rather argue that I just think this other way of looking at infinity gives us more options to calculate with it and seems to eliminate a lot of "paradoxes". I do not think my way of calculating with infinities is inherently more correct than the standard way, for the same reason that I do not think base 10 is more correct than base 3. I just think it is more useful.
There are multiple definitions of infinity as far as I am aware and no one is claiming that you are not allowed to define another. But be sure to let other people know which definition you're using when talking about infinity. It is common to argue with someone about X and then realize that by X you mean different things.

 I know that Feynman had to use some non standard infinity calculation methods to derive his equations of quantum electrodynamics, I would love to know what it was.

 For a strictly valid infinite pairing method, use the partial sum: $$S_n = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^2} + \ldots + \frac{1}{2^n}$$ Now, if you multiply by 2, and subtract, you will have: $$2 S_n - S_n = \left( 1 + \frac{1}{2} + \ldots + \frac{1}{2^{n - 1}}\right) - \left( \frac{1}{2} + \ldots + \frac{1}{2^n} \right)$$ $$S_n = 1 - \frac{1}{2^n}$$ There are 2 terms that do not get canceled in this case. But, if we take the limit $n \rightarrow \infty$, you prove that the partial sums have a limit (the infinite series is convergent), and that this limit is 1, because $\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}{1/2^n} = 0$.

 Quote by JohnLuck So the rules for when you can use the pairing up method is when the series is infinite, but does not go towards infinity? That rule sounds too arbitrary, I would like to see the proof behind it.
The first thing you need to understand that 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + ... is not a sum.

We call it a sum and for most purposes it behaves like a sum but technically speaking it is the limit of a sequence of partial sums.

Ordinary addition is associative and commutative. And the distributive law applies as well. Using the principle of mathematical induction you can prove that for any _finite_ list of numbers, associativity, commutativity and the distributive law apply to the entire list.

Proof by induction does not work when the number of terms is infinite -- or when the thing you're looking at is not technically even a sum.

It turns out that when a series is "absolutely convergent" that these familiar properties do turn out to apply. You can work through the epsilons and deltas and prove it.

But when a series is not "absolutely convergent" those properties do not apply. For instance, rearranging the terms in the series 1/2 - 1/3 + 1/4 - 1/5 + 1/6 - ... can produce an "infinite sum" (limit of the sequence of partial sums) that comes to any figure that you like.

Briefly:

An infinite sum is fixed under a finite rearrangement of terms.

An infinite sum is fixed under any rearrangement if the underlying series is absolutely convergent.

But an infinite sum is not neccessarily fixed under an infinite rearrangement when the series is not absolutely convergent.

 Recognitions: Gold Member Homework Help Science Advisor Pay particular attention to what Dickfore tells you, JohnLuck. Your "counterexample" with the sum of the powers of 2 evaporates when doing the perfectly legitimate operation, gaining: S_n=2^(n+1)-1 Do you see that you cannot ignore the first term here?
 Recognitions: Science Advisor The arguments in your OP don't "prove" anything about the series. At most, they show that if the limit of the sum exists, then it must have a certain value. Buit you also have to show that the limit does exist. In the case of 1+2+4+8... it does not. Proving that "If elephants laid eggs, they would be green with pink spots" doesn't prove that "Elephant eggs are green with pink spots", because elephants don't lay eggs.
 Blog Entries: 8 Recognitions: Gold Member Science Advisor Staff Emeritus I'm going to lock this thread. The answers given are all excellent and to the point. But I'm afraid JohnLuck doesn't have the knowledge to really understand them. I understand that things indeed seem fishy and ill-defined, but they are really not. I would suggest you make an effort to learn calculus and specifically sequences and series. We can't explain sequences and series to you as it would require too much information. But I'm sure that any good calculus book will be understandable enough for you. If you really want to understand what is going on here, then studying calculus is indispensable. Once you studied series a bit, we can continue the discussion.