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BasketDaN
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How much outward force is applied when liquid H2O freezes, turning into ice?
Originally posted by BasketDaN
Thanks. So, just to make sure I'm interpereting that graph correctly, if I were to freeze liquid H2O at about -10 degrees C, the volume would still increase (density would decrease to .92), as long as the pressure on it was not more than 10^8 Pa?
Originally posted by BasketDaN
How thick would a pipe have to be to be able to resist 10^8 Pa (14,500 psi) ?
You didn't do the calculation...Originally posted by BasketDaN
But don't copper pipes usually burst when water freezes inside them? This freezing would usually be exerting around 14,500 psi, right? Which, by that post, would be less than what copper can handle anyway?
Like bending a paperclip until it breaks, repetitive stress (even if it seems small) can eventually cause metal components to fail.Originally posted by Michael D. Sewell
I think that copper tubing gets brittle with age. Russ probably can give you information on that.
Why is this? Does the bending induce dislocations in the lattice? This has never made sense to me (but, of course, it happens).Originally posted by russ_watters
Like bending a paperclip until it breaks, repetitive stress (even if it seems small) can eventually cause metal components to fail.
The force exerted by the expansion of freezing H2O is known as the force of expansion or the force of ice. It is the force that is created when water freezes and expands, pushing against any surrounding objects.
The force of expansion is calculated using the formula F = P x A, where F is the force, P is the pressure, and A is the area. The pressure is determined by the increase in volume of the freezing water, and the area is the surface that the force is being exerted on.
The force of expansion is affected by several factors, such as the temperature of the water before freezing, the rate of freezing, the shape and size of the container holding the water, and the properties of the material surrounding the ice.
The force of expansion has many practical applications, such as in the construction of roads and buildings in cold climates. It is also used in the design of pipes and containers that need to withstand freezing temperatures, as well as in the expansion joints of bridges and other structures.
When water freezes, it expands and creates pressure against its surrounding environment. If the pressure is strong enough, it can cause cracks to form in the ice, which is why lakes and rivers may have visible cracks on the surface during freezing temperatures. This can also be dangerous for boats and other objects on the frozen water surface.