Normally, the Laplace tranform of a function of x is written as a function of s. You seem to be confusing the two. The Laplace transform of f(x)= x is
\int_0^\infty xe^{-sx}dx= \frac{1}{s^2}
by integration by parts, not 1. And you certainly cannot just multiply a Laplace transform you already know by the variable to get another Laplace transform!
The inverse Laplace transform of the constant 1 is the Dirac delta function \delta(x):
\int_0^\infty e^{-sx}\delta(x)dx= e^{-s(0)}= 1
since, by definition, \int_S f(x)\delta(x) dx= f(0) as long as the region of integration, S, includes 0.
regarding this topic , using the Laplace transform properties would it be valid that
\mathcal L^{-1} (s^{k})= D^{k}\delta (t) ??
where k >0 any real number (at least this property seems to work with Fourier transforms)
the case k <0 would involve integration , but the integrals of the Dirac delta (with k integer) are well defined for t >0 (except perhaps at the point t=0 )