If you don't move to management and bring in projects i.e. money, you won't get much increase in salary beyond a certain point. Credentials are only marketing tools for a company. There are many PhD holders in the engineering community, really.
i don't think your career path is set based on which school you go to. just focus on learning and the opportunity will present itself. the world could be a difference place by the time you graduate. either school is good.
There are just too many civil engineers, but not enough good ones. When design is done based on standards and codes, it can be intellectually stiffling, especially if you keep doing the same thing over and over again for the rest of your life. Also, the pay is rather low and the work hours are...
Actually, certain areas in CS are math heavy. It may be advantageous to you if you also apply to the CS program. Research these days is mostly interdisciplinary and cross-departmental. You shouldn't be hung up on what department you are in. As far as schools go, you should apply with an...
Outsourcing may or may not be a problem - it really depends on many factors like who you work with and what projects you are doing.
Job security is a function of many things. In the industry, it is mostly expected that you grow into someone who brings in projects and money for the company...
The most probably route is first a PhD, and then a Postdoc. You also need US Citizenship to have a permanent position at NASA, which takes inordinately long to obtain these days. Good luck.