We can accelerate the electron using thermal energy or electric potential to provide that electron sufficient kinetic energy to "penetrate" its way into the repulsion of that atom's electrons.
According to my understanding, when an electron is added into an atom, it emits energy in the form of photons because it is a form of de-excitation or relaxation. This is when electron affinity will be positive (exothermic). But there is one case where energy must be provided to an electron for...