Some of the energy incident on the boundary is reflected, so the refracted energy is less than the incident energy. In quantum terms I suppose we say that occasional photons are reflected at the boundary.
Part of the incident energy is reflected when a wave strikes a transparent medium, so I presume that in quantum terms an occasional photon is reflected at the surface?
Electric circuits with varying current, unless of shielded construction, will have both local fields, in which energy is stored, and radiated fields, where energy is lost from the circuit due to the creation of radiated EM waves. The radiated energy is small when the dimensions of the circuit...
A sailing boat will travel downwind backwards. The rudder is pointed in the direction you wish to travel. Steering will work over a maximum of approx +/- 75 degrees relative to the wind direction, but no more. The sails and/or hull and rig -are just providing drag and no aerofoil action. An...
If the centre of mass is off=centre, that does not create a horizontal force. However, if one of the ropes is not vertical, there will be a horizontal force. Then the load will move horizontally until the centre of mass lies beneath the intersection of the projected lines of the lifting ropes.
There is normally a reduction in air temperature with height, and also a reduction in humidity. These create a vertical gradient whereby refractive index reduces with height.
Light curves downwards when travelling across the earth under normal conditions, so you can see further than expected.. This requires a small correction to be applied when sighting the horizon for sextant observations. Similar effects occur with microwaves, and it is usual to assume a modified...
If you have an electrical version of a sound, then it has come from a microphone. The microphone responds to either pressure or velocity, so the electrical power is proportional to the sound power (actually the power density of the sound in W/m2). Relative sound power is proportional to voltage...
I think it is highly unlikely that you will obtain better gain than a commercial antenna having, say, 10 elements. It is true that manufacturers throw away some gain to obtain wide band operation, but even so, the design and construction of a Yagi for these frequencies is very critical. Even the...