synesthesia, some people perceive individual symbols, characters, numbers

zoobyshoe

Quote by mikekhogan447

I hope, through this discussion, that we keep three things in mind:

1) Real synesthesia is quite rare.

2) Out of all neurological/perceptual phenomena, this one is by FAR the most commonly faked. Good attention-getter; makes people feel special.
2b) Everybody is a synesthesiac to some extent: certain words or sounds bring certain notions or even vague sensory experiences to mind. Some, after reading about synesthesia, will themselves into "having" it.

I don't trust many reports of synesthesia. I only believe them if the case has been validated with standardized tests for that specific synesthesia.

Not to be a downer or anything.

OK, but where are all the studies saying "80% of people claiming synesthesia proved to be faking it." I haven't run across one case of someone being "busted".

mikekhogan447

Quote by zoobyshoe

OK, but where are all the studies saying "80% of people claiming synesthesia proved to be faking it." I haven't run across one case of someone being "busted".

True, I don't think that occurs often in lab settings--with tests. I was just thinking of people I knew who talked about their synesthesia at parties. Anecdotal. I wouldn't assume that someone who described his/her synesthesia soberly and specifically (like, looking over the thread, waht did) was faking it.

I wasn't speaking in a professional capacity (I'm only a student). As a neuroscience student, though, synesthesia baffles me. But it seems like once (if) the "binding problem" is solved--the problem of how different aspects of a percept such as the form, color, and movement of a chair bind together as a unified whole--researchers may get a firmer handle on how to explain synesthesia. Or vice versa.

From what I understand, there isn't firm neurological evidence that simple "cross-wiring" does it. If the structural connection differences that cause synesthesia are indirect--distributed, rare--then structural imaging might not show anything. What's more, the main cause could lie in differences in synaptic efficacy (does anybody know if there's any histology research on synesthesia?). It seems likely, though, that you should see some brain activity differences. You could go the conventional fMRI-localization route. I'd like to see researchers try to develop some kind of rigorous functional measure that clearly distinguishes synesthetic from control brain activity, like some have done with epilepsy (e.g. C. J. Stam).

fuzzyfelt

Quote by rhody

zooby, waht, fuzzy,

If I understand what you are saying, you (Zooby) are saying that waht's synesthesia is a result of selective or partial pruning of the neurons in selective brain areas resulting in a "partial spectrum" of color experience in the presence of certain kinds of music. Is this what you meant ? It certainly makes sense, sort of like a "clipped" or partial synesthestic experience, no ? Very perceptive thinking, I must say Zooby.

Rhody...

Firstly, sorry because in trying to edit my post to be more precise about where I had written about Grimaud previously in GD, since I wasn't able to link, to see my amendment properly I needed to wipe most of what I had written, and couldn’t remember exactly what that had been when I tried to re-write it.

My previous mention of Helene Grimaud in GD-

http://www.physicsforums.com/showthr...130401&page=53
Post #845,
Which contains this link-

http://www2.deutschegrammophon.com/s...credo&DETAIL=1

'It was when I was eleven, and working on the F sharp major Prelude from the first book of Bach's Well-tempered Clavier - I perceived something that was very bright, between red and orange, very warm and vivid: an almost shapeless stain, rather like what you would see in the recording control-room if the image of sound were projected on a screen. But as numbers had always had colours for me - two was yellow, four was red, five was green - and as I have always found music evocative, I didn't regard this as unusual. It was more the idea of colour than colour itself. Certain pieces always project me into a particular colour-world. Sometimes it's a result of the tonality - C minor is black, and D minor, the key that has always been closest to me, being the most dramatic and poignant is blue.'

I don’t know of any studies authenticating Grimaud’s synaesthesia, but have seen some studies that accept her reports.

From the anecdote quoted, it seems possible that in realising the experience of audio-colour cross-talk, it may have become easier to access.

It is also hard to detect from the use of “perceive”, but by the explanation that it is "more the idea of colour than colour itself”, it sounds as if this audio-colour experience is of the "higher" type.

Also from the above description, it seems different aspects of sound evoke responses.

fuzzyfelt

Quote by waht

Indeed, that's interesting and similar.

I've listened to the Mozart's clarinet concerto many times, and particularly the adagio whose tempo matches that of Burckner's pieces, and suffice it to say there is no hint of any color experience. When I come back to Brucker again, those few instances when clarinet/oboe is playing produces a color experience, and then it's gone when other instruments take lead. So I guess it's just one of those really undeveloped sound synesthesia that would probably go unnoticed had I not stumbled upon the score by accident.

So far I've discovered three sound colors: purple, red-orange, and brilliant white.

When I try to match these colors with my definite grapheme synesthesia generated colors for letters:

Color of "J" is the same purple as the sound-generated purple, and colors of "C" or "X" match with sound generated brilliant white.

Surprisingly, there isn't any letter match for sound red-orange, the closest would be "F" and or "N" by they are not exactly same matches as the previous ones.

Thanks for your response, waht. I knew you had said you had listened to the concerto, but couldn't help asking about the adagio specifically. Still, very interesting!

fuzzyfelt

I also didn’t link to the thread where I wrote of Einstein, it is # 25 in this thread - http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=390043

rhody

To all: Google is an amazing thing, try this: Google trends: synesthesia

Very neat way to see works produced by date/country.

You can filter results using the drop down combo boxes, top right,

and can export to a *.csv file for import into Word, Spreadsheet or Database. Cool...

Edit: 06/11

I haven't tried this yet, but it looks worthwhile as well: Google translate: inputs: text, webpage, URL, or upload document.

I haven't found a document on synesthesia in say French and then tried to translate it, but it is nice to know it is there.

Rhody...

rhody

This is a continuation of post #220. I want to keep the body of it altogether, so what has already been done is reproduced with minor changes as needed:

I will try to keep it pithy, but drill down with enough detail to keep it interesting. You may read about things you haven't heard of before. It won't be perfect, I will do my best to keep it accurate. If anyone has more accurate or current information that I may overlook, please, add input as you see fit:

1. Bi-Directional synesthesia: definition
2. fMRI function overview
3. EEG function overview
4. fMRI, EEG limitations
5. Recommend you open a new TAB in your browser and view: Brain Anatomy and Functions
6. Discuss 2007: The Neuronal Correlate of Bidirectional Synesthesia: A Combined Event-related Potential and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study fMRI, EEG
7. Discuss 2009: Multiple dimensions in bi-directional synesthesia EEG only
8. Discuss results of both papers, where they agree, disagree or produce different results.

The definition of bi-directional synesthesia is not set in stone. Parts of it are still to be proven conclusively. There is evidence based on these two studies, (and earlier studies listed in the references section of each paper) that suggest a more complete definition of bi-directional synesthesia be defined as:

1. (as referred to in the two papers above) applies to: (color->grapheme, or grapheme->color), with one stimulating the other, in either order, at an explicit (perceived) and implicit (person is not aware) level involving the following:

Upper: associators (in the minds eye) Attentional/inhibitory processes are involved (2009 T Gebuis et al.)
Lower: projectors (out in space) Attentional/inhibitory/perceptual processes are involved (2009 T Gebuis et al.)
Synesthetic experience can result from bottom up (lower:perceptual) AND top down (attentional/inhibitory) processes, OR from top down (upper:attentional/inhibitory) experiences only

2. fMRI Overview:

Functional MRI (fMRI) measures signal changes in the brain that are due to changing neural activity. The brain is scanned at low resolution but at a rapid rate (typically once every 2–3 seconds). Increases in neural activity cause changes in the MR signal via T*2 changes; this mechanism is referred to as the BOLD (blood-oxygen-level dependent) effect. Increased neural activity causes an increased demand for oxygen, and the vascular system actually overcompensates for this, increasing the amount of oxygenated hemoglobin relative to deoxygenated hemoglobin. Because deoxygenated hemoglobin attenuates the MR signal, the vascular response leads to a signal increase that is related to the neural activity. The precise nature of the relationship between neural activity and the BOLD signal is a subject of current research. The BOLD effect also allows for the generation of high resolution 3D maps of the venous vasculature within neural tissue.

My take on this description is that fMRI is very good at capturing the location and "activation" or a signal, whereas EEG is more accurate, in time, at capturing the signals characteristics, frequency, duration, etc...

3. EEG Overview:

The electrical activity of the brain can be described in spatial scales from the currents within a single dendritic spine to the relatively gross potentials that the EEG records from the scalp, much the same way that economics can be studied from the level of a single individual's personal finances to the macro-economics of nations. Neurons, or nerve cells, are electrically active cells that are primarily responsible for carrying out the brain's functions. Neurons create action potentials, which are discrete electrical signals that travel down axons and cause the release of chemical neurotransmitters at the synapse, which is an area of near contact between two neurons. This neurotransmitter then activates a receptor in the dendrite or body of the neuron that is on the other side of the synapse, the post-synaptic neuron. The neurotransmitter, when combined with the receptor, typically causes an electrical current within the dendrite or body of the post-synaptic neuron. Thousands of post-synaptic currents from a single neuron's dendrites and body then sum up to cause the neuron to generate an action potential. This neuron then synapses on other neurons, and so on. EEG reflects correlated synaptic activity caused by post-synaptic potentials of cortical neurons.

and

EEG also has some characteristics that compare favorably with behavioral testing:
* EEG can detect covert processing (i.e., processing that does not require a response)
* EEG can be used in subjects who are incapable of making a motor response
* Some ERP components can be detected even when the subject is not attending to the stimuli
* As compared with other reaction time paradigms, ERPs can elucidate stages of processing (rather than just the final end result)

4. fMRI, EEG limitations:

Functional MRI has high spatial resolution but relatively poor temporal resolution (of the order of several seconds). Electroencephalography (EEG) directly measures the brain's electrical activity, giving high temporal resolution (~milliseconds) but low spatial resolution. The two techniques are therefore complementary and may be used simultaneously to record brain activity.

and

EEG has several strong points as a tool for exploring brain activity. EEG's can detect changes within a millisecond timeframe, excellent considering an action potential takes approximately 0.5-130 milliseconds to propagate across a single neuron, depending on the type of neuron[13]. Other methods of looking at brain activity, such as PET and fMRI have time resolution between seconds and minutes. EEG measures the brain's electrical activity directly, while other methods record changes in blood flow (e.g., SPECT, fMRI)

5. Recommend you open a new TAB in your browser and view: Brain Anatomy and Functions

6. Discuss 2007: The Neuronal Correlate of Bidirectional Synesthesia: A Combined Event-related Potential and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study fMRI, EEG

My interpretation (from paper #1 above): when color stimulates number, the synesthete sees the number, and brain shows activation in color and grapheme areas. Here is the tricky part, at this point the person is not aware that the number (secondary stimulation) is stimulating the color area of the brain (they do not see it, it is implicit), experimental data shows a cross activation in the areas of the brain associated with grapheme and color areas. This is the implicit case: a synesthete compared the height of two lines, line color modulated the performance, a longer line was presented in a color that was induced by a larger digit. This is the congruent case.

There is another case as well. This is the explicit case: a synesthete compared a longer line appeared in a color induced by a smaller digit and a shorter line in a color that was induced by a larger digit. This is the incongruent condition. The synesthete subject spontaneously reported that the colors of the lines evoked the perception of the corresponding digits, showing explicit experience of bi-directionality.

7. Discuss 2009: Multiple dimensions in bi-directional synesthesia EEG only. Remember, you must sign up here in order to download this paper.

We will see later that the implicit case supports evidence for 'higher" and "lower" synesthetes indicating that, excerpt from the 2009 paper, (I let the authors relate this information because it was clearer than my repeated attempts at interpretation, most important concepts highlighted in blue):

these results are indicative of the existence of distinct groups of synesthetes. Synesthetic experiences can apparently arise as a result of both bottom up (perceptual) and topdown (attentional⁄inhibitory) processes, or as a result of top-down (attentional⁄inhibitory) effects only. Our results fit well with the classification proposed by Ramachandran & Hubbard (2001), who suggested that besides the classification of synesthetes on the basis of their phenomenological experience, synesthetes could be classified on the basis of the inducers or the triggers of the synesthetic experience. They referred to synesthetes that reveal effects at lower perceptual processes as ‘lower’ synesthetes and to synesthetes with higher cognitive effects as ‘higher’ synesthetes. Our results indicate that attentional or inhibitory processes appear to play a role in bi-directional priming in all synesthetes, whereas only some (possibly ‘lower’) synesthetes reveal a priming effect at a lower, possibly perceptual level, as well. Dixon & Smilek (2005) already emphasized the necessity of scrutinizing effects at the single subject level. They stated that if synesthesia is not a unitary phenomenon, possible patterns might be masked when all synesthetes are grouped together, resulting in conflicting reports or erroneous conclusions. Our results underline this suggestion and might explain some of the conflicting results reported concerning the stage at which the synesthetic experience arises. Involvement of both early pre-attentive as well as later attentional processes has been demonstrated in psychophysical (see for a critical review, see Gheri et al., 2008) as well as imaging research (Paulesu et al., 1995; Schiltz et al., 1999; Nunn et al., 2002; Elias et al., 2003; Weiss et al., 2005; Rich et al., 2006; Barnett et al., 2008; Beeli et al., 2008; Brang et al., 2008). In accordance with the study of Hubbard et al. (2005), the present study demonstrated that (grapheme-color) synesthesia is far from a unitary phenomenon.

Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that the same mechanisms underlie bi-directional interactions in synesthesia, at least for implicit synesthetes. At the group level, the priming effect for number to color as well as color to number was present at parietal (possibly perceptual processes) as well as frontal electrode sites (possibly attention or inhibitory processes). The ERP-components affected did not differ Multiple dimensions in bi-directional synesthesia 1709

8. Discuss results of both papers, where they agree, disagree or produce different results.

I am a bit tired at this point, I think you have seen by now what an fMRI can detect versus an EEG, is that the newer 2009 Paper using strictly EEG measurements is that the "priming effect is definitely" more pronounced subjects with synesthesia versus those who do not have it: See figure below:

Second, the first paper (2007) using both fMRI and EEG (non-concurrent) produced evidence for both implicit and for the first time explicit bi-directional synesthesia. I have more to add but can't quite think straight now. No use in pushing and saying something stupid. I will add more here later before the edit period expires. Quote a lot of food for thought and review (if you read the papers three times like I did so most of it sinks in).

Rhody...

P.S. I learned something about "learning" in this process that I never really paid attention to before. When you read and try to digest complex material, you never "get it" the first or even the second time through, suggesting as I have come to understand it, new "brain mapping" consisting of new long term neuronal connections being made in the brain when repeated attempts are made to grasp the material. I got this from "The brain that changes itself" by Norman Dodge, MD. Highly recommended reading by: V.S. Ramachandran, who is already at the top of my reading list, so it was a no-brainer from there. I plan to use some of the material from this book for future probings of the mysteries of the brain. There, now I am done, lol.

fuzzyfelt

Thanks Rhody, for all your work here. It is very interesting, e.g.-
"Our results indicate that attentional or inhibitory processes appear to play a role in bi-directional priming in all synesthetes, whereas only some (possibly ‘lower’) synesthetes reveal a priming effect at a lower, possibly perceptual level, as well."
I haven't looked at the second paper, but will when I get a chance.

rhody

First. an observation, I was just thinking, did my last technical post drive everyone away ?!

lol I hope not. There are more brain mysteries to be probed and discussed, at an even deeper level. I am working that now, to be posted in a new thread. This subject blew me away almost as much as synesthesia did a few months back, and from what I know so far is even newer than serious research being done in synesthesia. This time I will take my time before I post and provide as much background/research as I can.

This is a funny story, since I have spent considerable time and effort with this subject and enjoy engaging others with it, I sent a link to this thread to a co-worker whom I have known almost 20 years, knowing she likes to study how the brain works. She read parts of it and I stopped by to ask what she thought.

It turns out that when she eats certain foods she feels a cubic sensation (with slightly rounded edges), a fairly rare form of synesthesia, second, when she looks at small square floor tiles (one color), she sees pastel pink, blue and yellow colors in patterns between the tile margins. She said she always remembers having it. Then I asked her if she had them more frequently when calm and not distracted by other sensory input, she said yes, they come and go. Being an engineer with a keen interest in how the brain works, she borrowed my copy of Cytowic's, "The Man who tasted Shapes", said she would read it and then discuss. Pretty cool. As she was relating her stories about mixed senses, a couple of other folks who were in hearing distance, asked about it, so I sent them the link to this thread.

One more thing, I said this back in post #93

9. Those with synesthasia have great memory for detail, and an indelible recollection of the synesthetic event itself.

My co-worker and friend who I have known for twenty years definitely has great detail memory. I have seen it time and again over the years.

Without keeping statistics on people who claim to have it, I would guess that about 1 to 2 in 10 I have given the link to either have some form of it or know someone who does. I wouldn't be surprised if some may want to join this little party at some point to contribute an experience not already covered.

Rhody...

zoobyshoe

Quote by rhody

It turns out that when she eats certain foods she feels a cubic sensation (with slightly rounded edges), a fairly rare form of synesthesia, second, when she looks at small square floor tiles (one color), she sees pastel pink, blue and yellow colors in patterns between the tile margins.

I'm starting to get the impression from this, and the stories by Waht and Chi Meson, that there's a fair amount of 'fragmentary' synesthesia out there, people with just a bit of it triggered by very specific things.

rhody

Quote by zoobyshoe

I'm starting to get the impression from this, and the stories by Waht and Chi Meson, that there's a fair amount of 'fragmentary' synesthesia out there, people with just a bit of it triggered by very specific things.

Zooby,

You beat me to it. After the story with how waht's selective sound/color synesthesia, certain frequencies played a certain way triggering it, I agree with you. This is worth investigating. This thread will serve as a semi-permanent record of those who have incomplete forms of it. It is compelling evidence. Thanks, waht, through questions and answers were able to pin down the exact characteristics of your form of synesthesia. When my friend finishes Cytowic's book she agreed to answer questions. It ought to be interesting because she is an engineer and takes a scientific approach to things, plus she likes the subject to boot.

Rhody...

fuzzyfelt

This also sounds rather like the other experiences mentioned, like Helene Grimaud's, waht's, etc.-

"In his early years, Kandinsky discovered his synesthesia while attending a performance of Wagner's opera Lohengrin in Moscow:

'The violins, the deep tones of the basses, and especially the wind instruments at that time embodied for me all the power of that pre-nocturnal hour. I saw all my colors in my mind; they stood before my eyes. Wild, almost crazy lines were sketched in front of me' (Kandinsky, 1913/1982, p. 364). "
http://www.theassc.org/files/assc/2290.pdf

This article expresses opinions on this sort of thing. It is a version of the final chapter of Van Campen’s book, which Enuma Elish had linked to, “The Hidden Sense: Synesthesia in Art and Science (Cambridge MA: MIT Press 2007). ”, adapted and elaborated upon-

http://www.pucsp.br/pos/tidd/teccogs...igo_CAMPEN.pdf

“I do not think that every person can become aware of all types of synesthesia. There are obviously brain constraints on that. But I do think that many persons are not aware of their synesthetic potential, simply because they use only a portion of their senses.”

fuzzyfelt

I wrote this post in the audio-visual thread, but it seems appropriate to put it here.

I understand humans have mulitsensed perceptions with benefits like added affirmation and precision. I’ve read the gustatory and olfactory sensations are difficult to distinguish between and are particularly old senses both with important benefits in the detection, and interpretation of quality, of food. Benefits of audio-visual sensory integration would involve precise location of stimulus.

This is book seems a good over-view from 2004. Chapter 2, on page 27 is about audio-visual perception in particular-

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=C...ensory&f=false

Parts of the book describe cross-modality, hetromodality, multisensory neurons, synaesthesia, etc.. This is an example of the papers mentioned-
http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content...act/22/13/5749

I had mentioned the McGurk effect before here, (again-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtsfidRq2tw ) and understand that the youtube I presented described a typical response, but that reactions vary and may hypothetically depend on individual modal strengths and weaknesses. I don’t have that response (and can think of a reason why that may be the case). I wonder if that means in this instance, mine is an atypical cross-modal response. Isn’t that a definition of synaesthesia :) ?

rhody

Quote by rhody

I haven't tried this yet, but it looks worthwhile as well: Google translate: inputs: text, webpage, URL, or upload document.

I haven't found a document on synesthesia in say French and then tried to translate it, but it is nice to know it is there.

Rhody...

I think I just did a first on PF, I translated a technical paper from Turkish to English, have a look at the samples: thumbnails below: some things appear to be lost in the translation, important if you are trying to understand a technical paper like the one I choose. The english is on the left and original turkish is on the right, maybe someone who speaks turkish can show us where translate broke down, lol. If you read through it, it sort of sounds like pigeon english, maybe some linguists (if there are any) who are following this thread can give a more precise definition.

Funny when you try to copy the google generated html it is back in turkish, and if you save it as html it doesn't open in Word correctly. May be something I am not doing right.

I thought it was worth trying and to give you the results so you can decide for yourself if it is worth bothering with. For something like a simple News story it may squeak by, but not for getting facts misinterpreted in a scientific paper. It was worth the time to explore it though, IMHO.

Rhody...

ViewsofMars

Here is the latest research on synesthesia.

Neuroimage. 2010 Jun 11. [Epub ahead of print]

Magnetoencephalography reveals early activation of V4 in grapheme-color synesthesia.
Brang D, Hubbard EM, Coulson S, Huang M, Ramachandran VS.

University of CA, San Diego.

Abstract
Grapheme-color synesthesia is a neurological phenomenon in which letters and numbers (graphemes) consistently evoke particular colors (e.g. A may be experienced as red). The cross-activation theory proposes that synesthesia arises as a result of cross-activation between posterior temporal grapheme areas (PTGA) and color processing area V4, while the disinhibited feedback theory proposes that synesthesia arises from disinhibition of pre-existing feedback connections. Here we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to test whether V4 and PTGA activate nearly simultaneously, as predicted by the cross-activation theory, or whether V4 activation occurs only after the initial stages of grapheme processing, as predicted by the disinhibited feedback theory. Using our high-resolution MEG source imaging technique (VESTAL), PTGA and V4 regions of interest (ROIs) were separately defined, and activity in response to the presentation of achromatic graphemes was measured. Activation levels in PTGA did not significantly differ between synesthetes and controls (suggesting similar grapheme-processing mechanisms), whereas activation in V4 was significantly greater in synesthetes. In synesthetes, PTGA activation exceeded baseline levels beginning 105-109ms, and V4 activation did so 5ms later, suggesting nearly simultaneous activation of these areas. Results are discussed in the context of an updated version of the cross-activation model, the cascaded cross-tuning model of grapheme-color synesthesia. Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Inc.

PMID: 20547226 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/en...ubmed_RVDocSum

The link (url) provided above is from the U.S. National Library
of Medicine- National Institutes of Health. You can review from
that website to the right of the page related citations pertaining
to the topic: synesthesia.

waht

Quote by rhody

Zooby,

You beat me to it. After the story with how waht's selective sound/color synesthesia, certain frequencies played a certain way triggering it, I agree with you. This is worth investigating. This thread will serve as a semi-permanent record of those who have incomplete forms of it. It is compelling evidence. Thanks, waht, through questions and answers were able to pin down the exact characteristics of your form of synesthesia. When my friend finishes Cytowic's book she agreed to answer questions. It ought to be interesting because she is an engineer and takes a scientific approach to things, plus she likes the subject to boot.

Rhody...

By talking about synesthesia I've been able to learn more about myself in terms of synesthesia. And there is no better crowd for this than you guys...

In retrospect, I used to be submersed in its subjective experience for most of my life, and now there is a whole new dimension to it which brings a pleasant feeling of closure.

So yes, this thread is superb, and can be certainly enriched by more stories of people that come out of the closet.

waht

Quote by fuzzyfelt

This also sounds rather like the other experiences mentioned, like Helene Grimaud's, waht's, etc.-

"In his early years, Kandinsky discovered his synesthesia while attending a performance of Wagner's opera Lohengrin in Moscow:

'The violins, the deep tones of the basses, and especially the wind instruments at that time embodied for me all the power of that pre-nocturnal hour. I saw all my colors in my mind; they stood before my eyes. Wild, almost crazy lines were sketched in front of me' (Kandinsky, 1913/1982, p. 364). "

Very nice find. It seems that Kandinsky had a more advanced case of sound synesthesia as he was able to respond to more ranges of sounds.

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fuzzyfelt Recognitions: Gold Member	I also didn’t link to the thread where I wrote of Einstein, it is # 25 in this thread - http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=390043