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## The Nuclear Power Thread

 Quote by hill hermit Sorry that my first post will be "off track" where this thread is currently but I simply had to register to point out this unbelievably huge mistake. FYI- the state of Arizona covers 114,006 square miles. Much, much larger than the 300 square miles needed to power the entire US by your own calculations. Phoenix AZ covers roughly 500 square miles, so in exchange for giving up less land than a single large metro area we could power the US with a truly clean energy. -hh
Welcome to PF!

I didn't say "300 square miles", I said "300 miles square". As in - a square 300 miles on a side or 90,000 square miles. The reason I worded it that way is that most people can wrap their arms around the size better if you describe the dimensions, not the area.

 Quote by wizwom <..> Capacity factors are in the 25-30% range; the 40% was never seen anywhere, even 35% was anomalous. <..>.
IIRC, the world record for a single commercial wind turbine is a capacity factor of 44 % over a (so far) 9 year operation time. Danish offshore wind farms operate overall well above 35 %. Horns Rev II (a 209 MW farm) has performed best, with a capacity factor of about 47 %. The second best measured by capacity factor is Rødsand II (207 MW), at 42 %.
 Admin Scotland and Denmark seem to be in really good spots for wind energy. Many coastal areas are. US http://rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/ http://rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atla...ap2/2-06m.html http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/w...ity.asp?&print Canada http://www.windatlas.ca/en/maps.php Europe http://www.windatlas.dk/europe/index.htm http://www.windatlas.dk/europe/landmap.html World http://www.windatlas.dk/World/Index.htm http://www.windatlas.dk/World/Atlases.html This is not exactly nuclear power though.

 Quote by Astronuc Scotland and Denmark seem to be in really good spots for wind energy. Many coastal areas are.<..> This is not exactly nuclear power though.
No that's true, nuclear power tends to become irrelevant such places, unless nuclear load-following power can be produced economically. I don't know if new types of nuclear promise that. As soon as wind power is being viably produced in a region, the need will be for viable absorbers of the variability that is then inherently produced too, rather than for what nuclear traditionally has to offer.

 Quote by MadderDoc No that's true, nuclear power tends to become irrelevant such places, unless nuclear load-following power can be produced economically. I don't know if new types of nuclear promise that. As soon as wind power is being viably produced in a region, the need will be for viable absorbers of the variability that is then inherently produced too, rather than for what nuclear traditionally has to offer.
Nuclear energy is generally produced in base load, but the French do a lot of load following and frequency control with their nuclear units.

With wind at 50% availability one would twice the installed capacity on a kW basis to achieve the same kWh as compared to a unit that runs constantly at full power. Many nuclear units achieve 90+% capacity factor. Of course, there are some units that have poor performance.

If wind is only available at 35% or 20%, then the number of wind units greatly increases, as does the transmission infrastructure. If one looks at the various atlases, there are some areas that have great wind capability, but many larger areas that do not. In the US, the majority of population live in areas of relatively low wind availability.

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 Quote by Astronuc ...In the US, the majority of population live in areas of relatively low wind availability.
That's true if US offshore wind potential is omitted. At the moment offshore wind is not economic nor technically practical on the US east coast due to hurricanes, but that may change w/ stronger wind tower designs.

 Quote by Astronuc Nuclear energy is generally produced in base load, but the French do a lot of load following and frequency control with their nuclear units.
OK, yes, With the very high penetration of nuclear power in France there would be little other choice than to sacrifice on the capacity factor, such as to make the production fit the variable consumption, or alternatively export periodically against little demand from other countries. Perhaps France seen in isolation can be said to be oversupplied with nuclear power. By the same token, France might not be in a good position to start exploiting its available wind resources. (Newly added wind power would act in the system as additional consumption variation, only then from 'negative consumers')

 With wind at 50% availability one would twice the installed capacity on a kW basis to achieve the same kWh as compared to a unit that runs constantly at full power. Many nuclear units achieve 90+% capacity factor. Of course, there are some units that have poor performance.
I am not sure what you mean by availability of wind in this context, but you do seem to indicate it to be a measure comparable to the capacity factor of nuclear. The best wind sites over here may well have wind turbines operating at capacity factor about 50%, and in a mathematical sense that means that a same sized wind turbine or another system running at 100 % could replace two of such units. Or, could one say, one of the 50% capacity factor turbines replaces two turbines running at a capacity factor of 25 %. However, I am not sure what the superposition elucidates. Whether you look at a nuclear plant targeting a 90% capacity factor, or a wind turbine at a given site targeting a 50% capacity factor, in either case that target is an effect of economic optimisation.

 If wind is only available at 35% or 20%, then the number of wind units greatly increases, as does the transmission infrastructure. If one looks at the various atlases, there are some areas that have great wind capability, but many larger areas that do not. In the US, the majority of population live in areas of relatively low wind availability.
Well, of course you can have too small and/or too distant wind resources left worth exploiting, and maybe that is the case in USA. Certainly the magnitude and quality of the wind resource at a given site strongly influence the economical viability of a wind power project, and the incorporation of such a project in the existing grid must of course make economic sense. However, I can see no problem with wind turbines operating at capacity factors of 35% or 20% if that now happens to be the economic optimum for the sites. About 30 GW of on average less capacity factor is operating onshore in Germany currently, I never thought that to be a problem. While the push has become for adding offshore wind power from the North Sea there will indeed be a need for another investment in the transmission infrastructure, but so what, I can't remember when there wasn't :-)
 WASHINGTON, Aug. 7, 2012 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ - The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) acted today to put a hold on at least 19 final reactor licensing decisions – nine construction & operating licenses (COLS), eight license renewals, one operating license, and one early site permit – in response to the landmark Waste Confidence Rule decision of June 8th by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. The NRC action was sought in a June 18, 2012 petition filed by 24 groups urging the NRC to respond to the court ruling by freezing final licensing decisions until it has completed a rulemaking action on the environmental impacts of highly radioactive nuclear waste in the form of spent, or 'used', reactor fuel storage and disposal.

First licence for Canadian new build
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN...d-2008127.html

The nuclear site preparation [Darlington] licence issued to Onatrio Power Generation (OPG) will be valid for ten years, from 17 August 2012 to 17 August 2022.

Meanwhile, back in Washington DC - NRC suspends final licensing decisions
08 August 2012
 Licences for US nuclear plants - including those for new construction and life extension - will not be issued until the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) addresses a court decision on waste confidence. However, licensing activities will continue as normal. On 8 June, the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia found that the NRC's rules for the temporary storage and permanent disposal of nuclear waste stood in violation of the National Environmental Policy Act. This requires that either an environmental assessment or environmental impact statement be prepared for all major government agency actions. . . . .
 Regarding the development of a waste facility, the court noted that 20 years of work towards building a repository was effectively abandoned when the Department of Energy withdrew its application for the Yucca Mountain repository in 2010, and that, "At this time there is not even a prospective site for a repository, let alone progress towards the actual construction of one." . . . .
and how many $billion wasted?  Admin Opportunities at Culham Centre for Fusion Energy in UK. http://www.culhamphd.org.uk/ http://www.culhamphd.org.uk/typicalPhDtopics.html http://www.york.ac.uk/physics/postgraduate/fusion-dtn/ Also - Science and Technology Facilities Council http://www.stfc.ac.uk/Our%20Research/14397.aspx Admin http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/C_...n_1411121.html  14 November 2012 EOn continues to struggle under German energy policy, with gas generation made "barely profitable" by pro-renewable market arrangements and nuclear generation slashed and taxed by government decree. The utility has summarised its performance from January to the end of September, explaining to shareholders that it would honour dividend predictions for 2012, but would revise ambitions for 2013 and 2015. Despite a worsening outlook, the company still recorded pre-tax earnings of €8.8 billion ($11.2 billion) with 'underlying net income' of about €4 billion (\$5.0 billion) for the first nine months of 2012. One problem is that renewable generation is given priority access to the grid when it is available. This sometimes prevents gas-fired generation from operating during peak hours and has altered the economics of gas to such an extent that it is now "barely profitable to operate," said CEO Johannes Teyssen. "In most European markets, the gross margin for gas-fired units is approaching zero or is indeed already negative." . . . .
This an example of a poor energy and economic policy on the part of the German government, and it is harming the economy.
 Recognitions: Gold Member German energy policy is constrained by anti nuclear sentiment on the one hand (fuelled by media support of a small cadre of activists plus public distrust sustained by unrelenting publicity focused on the nuclear industry's failures) along with the recognition that gas supply from Russia is unreliable (it was turned off just a couple of winters ago). The fix is more coal fired power, because the 'green' alternatives are falling well short of requirements for reliability and quantity.
 Admin mPower empowered by SMR funds http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN...s_121112a.html Meanwhile Alstom unveils world's longest turbine blade (for large low pressure (LP) steam turbines) http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/C-...e-2011128.html Also, note that Europe uses 50 Hz, to large turbines are usually 1500 RPM (although some are designed for 3000 rpm) rather than 1800 rpm used in 60 Hz systems. In 3000 rpm turbines, the last stage blade length is on the order of 1.35 m http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/mediablob...power/blob.pdf
 Recognitions: Gold Member I have done work on the ALSTOM HP and LP coolers used in the GT-24 and GT-26 gas turbines. Lots of ASME code calcs .....