Permanent Magnets: Electron Spin & Magnetic Fields

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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on the principles of permanent magnets, specifically the role of electron spin and orientation in generating magnetic fields. It is established that when electrons in a material orbit uniformly in the same direction, they create a net magnetic field, as described by the right-hand rule. The key factor is the alignment of these electron orbits; when they are predominantly oriented, the material exhibits magnetic properties. Conversely, if the electron orientations are random, the overall magnetic field averages to zero.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of electron spin and its implications in physics
  • Familiarity with the right-hand rule in magnetism
  • Basic knowledge of quantum mechanics, particularly regarding current loops
  • Concept of macroscopic magnetic fields and their origins
NEXT STEPS
  • Research the quantum mechanics of electron spin and its effects on magnetism
  • Explore the right-hand rule and its applications in electromagnetism
  • Study the principles of magnetic domains and their role in permanent magnets
  • Investigate the relationship between current loops and magnetic fields in various materials
USEFUL FOR

Students of physics, educators teaching magnetism, and anyone interested in the fundamental principles of permanent magnets and their applications in technology.

Rockazella
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My physics teacher gave the class a brief explanation of a permanent magnet. If I understood him correctly he basically said the special condition with a permanent magnet is that all the electrons are circling uniformly (in same direction). The poles of the magnet are based on the direction the electrons are spinning (right hand rule).

My question is why would those uniform circling electrons cause a magnetic field?
 
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They actually don't circle all uniformly, but never mind the difference.

Basicly each orbiting electron can be considered as a current loop (it is quantum loop, but that is unimportant here). If loops are randomly oriented, then macroscopic magnetic field (average over many atoms) is zero, but if there is predominant orientation then average field is not zero any more, and we call an object with such orientations "a magnet".
 

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