# How many zeros inside the disk?

by NoDoubts
Tags: disk, inside, zeros
 P: 20 How many zeros inside the unit disk does the following function have? f(z) = 3 z^621 - e^z. (in words, three times z to the power 621 minus e^z :) ...argument principle answers this question, but I have a problem evaluating the integral of f'(z)/f(z).
 P: 20 this is problem 7 from here http://www.math.umass.edu/~hajir/m621/m621hw6.pdf anyone?
 P: 534 In general, $$\frac{d}{dz} \ln f(z) = \frac{f'(z)}{f(z)}.$$
Emeritus
PF Gold
P: 16,101

## How many zeros inside the disk?

 Quote by NoDoubts but I have a problem evaluating the integral of f'(z)/f(z).
Where, exactly, are you having trouble?
P: 20
 Quote by adriank In general, $$\frac{d}{dz} \ln f(z) = \frac{f'(z)}{f(z)}.$$
sure. and how does it help?
P: 20
 Quote by Hurkyl Where, exactly, are you having trouble?
well, f'(z)/f(z) = (1863*z^620 - e^z}) / (3*z^621 - e^z).

Now, we need to integrate that along the contour C. I've tried to integrate it directly by setting z = e^{theta*i) where 0 < theta <= 2pi , but got stuck.
 P: 20 anyone?
P: 534
 Quote by adriank In general, $$\frac{d}{dz} \ln f(z) = \frac{f'(z)}{f(z)}.$$
I thought this was hint enough. An antiderivative of $$f'(z)/f(z)$$ is $$\ln f(z) = \ln(3z^{621} - e^z)$$.

Am I missing something?
 P: 20 yes. this is obvious, but how does it answer the question? what we need to do is, according to argument principle, to calculate an integral on closed countour which is unit circle. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_principle
 P: 534 Maybe the argument principle isn't what you should be using?
 P: 20 do you know how else I can solve this problem?
 P: 534 I cheated a bit and made some plots, but it looks like 3zn - ez has n zeros in the unit disk, and they look like they're nearish to the zeros of zn - 1. It looks like you have to use the fact that e < 3, since replacing the constant 3 with any number greater than e gives the same number of zeros. If you replace it with e, then you get a zero at z = 1.
 P: 20 yep. I think I nailed it by Rouche's theorem http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouch%C3%A9's_theorem you can majorize the |3zn - ez | by the |7*z^n| on the unit circle |z|=1, then the result follows.
 P: 534 Looks like that does it. :) I just started taking a complex analysis course, so unfortunately I'm not very well-informed with regards to that stuff. Glad you solved it, though.
 P: 20 cheers. now I can move on relieved :)
 Emeritus Sci Advisor PF Gold P: 16,101 For the record, adriank's earlier hint would have let you directly compute the contour integral... except for the sticky problem that the value of the integrand wraps around the origin (621 times!), and thus must cross a branch cut (621 times), so the straightforward thing wouldn't work. Of course, if you could prove that it wraps around the origin exactly 621 times, and thus crosses the branch cut 621 times, you could take advantage of the fact you know exactly how big the discontinuity is, and so you still could make a direct calculation of the contour integral.

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