Schwarzschild metric and BH mass

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers around the validity of the Schwarzschild metric inside a black hole, contrasting it with its established evidence outside of massive bodies like the Sun. Participants also explore the implications of black holes formed from photons, including their mass properties and the conditions required for their formation.

Discussion Character

  • Debate/contested
  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants question the validity of the Schwarzschild metric inside a black hole, noting that it is derived as an exterior solution and may not apply in that context.
  • Others suggest that the metric inside a black hole might be unstable and reference Kip Thorne's work, proposing the existence of a BKL singularity.
  • There is a discussion about the possibility of forming a black hole from photons, with some arguing that if photons are moving in the same direction, a black hole cannot form.
  • One participant posits that a black hole made from photons would have mass equivalent to the energy of the photons, while another emphasizes that photons themselves are massless.
  • Concerns are raised about the feasibility of testing theories related to black holes, as no one has ever crossed an event horizon to verify predictions.
  • Some participants explore the idea of using photon polarization to gain information about black hole microstates, but others challenge the practicality of this approach.
  • There is mention of the potential for faster-than-light communication using entangled states, though this remains a contentious topic with no clear consensus.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express a range of views on the applicability of the Schwarzschild metric inside black holes, with no consensus reached. The discussion remains unresolved regarding the implications of forming black holes from photons and the associated mass properties.

Contextual Notes

Limitations include the theoretical nature of the Schwarzschild metric's application inside black holes, the dependence on definitions of mass in the context of photons, and the unresolved status of experimental verification of these concepts.

kurious
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What evidence is there that the schwarzschild metric is valid inside a black hole (as opposed to outside the Sun where evidence comes in the form of mercury's perihelion)?
Also, if a black hole is made from photons, would it be massless and move at
the speed of light?
 
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kurious said:
What evidence is there that the schwarzschild metric is valid inside a black hole (as opposed to outside the Sun where evidence comes in the form of mercury's perihelion)?
Are you proposing an alternative?
Also, if a black hole is made from photons, would it be massless and move at
the speed of light?
No.
 
kurious said:
What evidence is there that the schwarzschild metric is valid inside a black hole (as opposed to outside the Sun where evidence comes in the form of mercury's perihelion)?
Also, if a black hole is made from photons, would it be massless and move at
the speed of light?

I think this is an unvalid question, kurious? The concept of the Schwarzschildradius comes from the use of the schwardzschild metric. It is just a boundary that indicates the infinite-red-translation of the spectra. I am sure you know the story with the speeds exceeding the lightspeed.

A black hole made of fotons ?

regards
marlon
 
kurious said:
What evidence is there that the schwarzschild metric is valid inside a black hole (as opposed to outside the Sun where evidence comes in the form of mercury's perihelion)?
Also, if a black hole is made from photons, would it be massless and move at
the speed of light?

The Scwarazschild metric *probably* isn't a stable solution for the metric inside a black hole - I posted more details on this somewhere, it's from Kip Thorne's popular book. The metric inside a BH is, according to Thorne, most likely something called a BKL singularity.

However, there is just a wee bit of a problem testing this theoretical prediction. There's an even bigger problem reporting the results back :-)

As for your second question, as I recall, two parallel light beams do not attract each other when moving in the same direction. It's possible to form a black hole out of only light, but it requires that the light not all be traveling in the same direction. This results in a black hole that moves at less than 'c'.
 
Interesting, how can a black hole be formed by using only light ?

regards
marlon
 
Higgs theory says an object either has mass or is massless.
A black hole made from photons would be indistinguishable from one made from rest masses with the same energy.Is a black hole made from photons massless or does it have mass?
 
kurious said:
What evidence is there that the schwarzschild metric is valid inside a black hole (as opposed to outside the Sun where evidence comes in the form of mercury's perihelion)?
There is no evidence of this. Nobody has ever been inside a event horizon to tell us if its correct. And if he was there then we'd have to be inside the event horizon too. While we might find out the answer, we'd pay for it with our lives. Frankly, I, personally am not that anxious to find out. :smile:
Also, if a black hole is made from photons, would it be massless and move at
the speed of light?
Interesting question. If there were a system of photons which had a zero total momentum then it would be possible for a black hole to form. All that is required is that the photons be located within the black hole. Since the photons have mass then its possible for a black hole to form. This mass would then be the M in the Schwarzschild metric. But this M would be the E/c2 as measured in the zero momentum frame. Some people like to call that "rest mass".

However, if all the photons were moving in the same direction, then a black hole can't form, even if all the mass of the photons is within the "Schwazchild radius" associated with the total mass of the photons. This is easy to see since if all the photons are moving in the same direction there is no zero momentum frame of reference. If a black hole formed then there would be. A person in that frame would then measure a violation of the conservation of momentum. However you'd have to ask yourself how such a beam of photons could be created in the first place. If the matter from which the photons were emitted fit within Rs to begin with then it would seem to me that it was a black hole to begin with (with photons moving in the opposite direction?) and therefore one can't create such a beam.

Pete
 
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If a large number of pions decay into photon pairs which travel in
opposite directions, and one member of each pair travels to a fixed
point in space,
a black hole would form at the fixed point in space.Since the photon
polarizations are coupled, I could get information about the
microstates in the black hole by measuring the polarization angles of
the photons that are outside the black hole.
And by placing a number of polarizing filters in a line, for each
photon traveling outside the black hole, with one photomultiplier per
photon to detect each photon, I could gain information on the
microstates in the black hole at different periods in time.So I would
know more about a black hole than just its total spin,mass and
charge.Any objections to this?
 
kurious said:
If a large number of pions decay into photon pairs which travel in opposite directions, and one member of each pair travels to a fixed
point in space, a black hole would form at the fixed point in space.
At what fixed point in space? Why would a black hole form?
Since the photon polarizations are coupled, I could get information about the
microstates in the black hole by measuring the polarization angles of the photons that are outside the black hole. And by placing a number of polarizing filters in a line, for each photon traveling outside the black hole, with one photomultiplier per photon to detect each photon, I could gain information on the microstates in the black hole at different periods in time.So I would know more about a black hole than just its total spin,mass and charge.Any objections to this?
You're speaking of commuinication faster than light using entangled states. There is some controversy about whether this is possible or not. People claim to have done it in fact. But I've seen this discussed in the physics literature. I have no opinion on this otherwise since I haven't studied it in detail.

However, as you've described it, this wouldn't seem to work. All you'll get is a random sequence of polarization states and you'd have no way to interpret them.

There was an article in Scientific American back in 1993 called Faster than Light? which "discusses experiments in quantum optics which they claim shows that two distant events can influence each other faster than any signal could have traveled between them."

Note: I've collected a few articles from the physics literature on FTL communication. If anyone is interested in this topic and would like the references than I can post them. They're from journals such as The American Journal of Physics and Annals of Physics etc. I'm just too lazy to post them otherwise. :smile:

Pete
 
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  • #10
The Schwarzschild metric is an exterior solution and is derived as such. So when the empty spacetime field equation holds theoretically the Schwarzschild metric is valid. When the radius of an object is smaller than 2GM/c^2 there is a point where the Schwarzschild line element diverges ([tex]g_{11}=-(1-2GM/rc^2)^{-1}[/tex]). So I guess all bets are off then. In terms of e.g. Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates you can still investigate what happens inside the black hole using the Schwarzschild metric and it predicts (not unreasonable) ingoing null geodesics. But it's more a matter of faith than science because no experiment could be performed to investigate the validity of the Schwarzschild metric inside a black hole.
 
  • #11
AFAIK the black hole is a prediction of the metric, and of theories of stellar collapse. As far as experiment goes, we have never seen an absolute guaranteed black hole. We have inferred that there are black holes at the center of the galaxies but we cannot see them, we only see the violent physics we interpret as coming from a hidden black hole. So the answer to your question is none, just like Hawking radiation and the Beckenstein entropy, and so forth; it's all theory.
 
  • #12
kurious said:
What evidence is there that the schwarzschild metric is valid inside a black hole (as opposed to outside the Sun where evidence comes in the form of mercury's perihelion)?
Also, if a black hole is made from photons, would it be massless and move at
the speed of light?


A blach hole must have restmass. two fotons can generate restmass so I think (it is my opinion though) that a blach hole made of fotons can never be massless or move at the speed of light.

Isn't it the restmass only that curves spacetime?

regards
marlon
 
  • #13
marlon said:
A blach hole must have restmass. two fotons can generate restmass so I think (it is my opinion though) that a blach hole made of fotons can never be massless or move at the speed of light.

Isn't it the restmass only that curves spacetime?

regards
marlon
Its not restmass, its just mass. Restmass is a bad word. And, it is the stress-energy tensor that acts as the source term in Einstein's field equations.
 
  • #14
ok,ok,ok,gues, i stand corrected

regards
marlon
 
  • #15
So just to get the record straight : it is relativistic mass that curves spacetime, right?

But i have some difficulties accepting the concept of a black hole moving at the speed of light. This is relative. Suppose we can "attach" an observer to the black hole. In his eyes the black hole doesn't move so if it cannot be constructed out of fotons.

Besides, following the QED-feynmann-graphs. Interactions between the fotons (let's say two to make it easy) could occur, generating fermionic-matter-particles like electrons and positrons. The fotons wouldn't last though.


regards
marlon
 
  • #16
marlon said:
So just to get the record straight : it is relativistic mass that curves spacetime, right?
Yes. Misner, Thorne and Wheeler call it mass-energy, or sometimes they call it just "mass", as Wald does at times (at least one place in his text that I know of) but its all the same thing. So long as you pay close attention to how I described it above.
But i have some difficulties accepting the concept of a black hole moving at the speed of light.
I don't recall ever saying that a black hole could move at the speed of light.

Pete
 
  • #17
If a black hole consists of photons how could the photons survive given that
they must reach the singularity and stop moving?This violates relativity theory
which says a photon cannot be at rest!
And how could fermions which obey fermi-dirac statistics all be present at the singularity? This would be at odds with quantum mechanics!
Black holes are bad news for quantum mechanics and relativity.The fact that they
are bad news for relativity and that relativity theory describes them suggests an internal inconsistency in relativity theory.
 
  • #18
kurious:

You are correct. Quantum mechanics and general relativity are at odds with each other. One location where they are not compatible is the "singularity" at the center of a black hole.

In all likelihood, there is no actual singularity at the center of a black hole, just a very dense state of matter. Quantum mechanics prohibits singularities for many reasons. M-theory or another GUT will answer these questions.

- Warren
 
  • #19
Ivan Seeking said:
There's a solution of the equations of general relativity called the Aichelburg-Saxl solution, which describes massless black holes moving at the speed of light. There's no experimental evidence that these actually exist, but they're fun to think about nonetheless, since you can use the equations of general relativity to figure out what they would do if they did. – Dr. John Baez
This might be relevant... no time to check now. No idea what they could be made of, but remember that GR is a classical theory.
 
  • #20
marlon said:
So just to get the record straight : it is relativistic mass that curves spacetime, right?

Right, modulo the question of wheter or not "relativistic mass" should be called by it's more modern name, "energy".

But i have some difficulties accepting the concept of a black hole moving at the speed of light.

Not a problem, since black holes don't move at the speed of light.
 
  • #21
pervect said:
Right, modulo the question of wheter or not "relativistic mass" should be called by it's more modern name, "energy".
Relativistic mass is not another name for energy. Proportionality of two physical quantities does not mean that the two physical quantities have the same physical meaning. They are defined differently. In fact in relativistic electrodynanics, the term energy is used to describe the sum E = Kinetic Energy + Rest Energy + Potential energy = K + E0 + V = mc2 + V. The quantity T = mc2 is inertial energy and the quantity E is "energy" or "total energy". It would be a mistake to confuse E with T. E is proportional to the time component of the generalized 4-momentum while T is proportional to the regular 4-momentum.

Consider also the relationship energy of a photon and its frequency, i.e. E = hf. Since f is proportional to E would you say that frequency is another name for electromagnetic energy? I know I wouldn't.

Pete
 
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  • #22
It's not just proportionality, it's identity. But I don't think there's much point in arguing the semantics. I refer interested readers to

http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/light_mass.html

for why I like to avoid the term "relativistic mass".

A fuller answer to "what curves spacetime" would be "the stress energy tensor" rather than just "energy", of course.
 
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  • #23
The question of whether a conglomeration of photons can form a black hole is rather interesting actually, though its vanishingly small even if the background was a vacuum.

In the real world, regular matter and interactions will swamp the source terms making any second order gravitational QFT interactions (with Newtonian coupling constants) tiny and negligable.

Now that I think about it, its darn near impossible, b/c we don't live in a vacuum, and thermodynamics will introduce strong cutoff terms in the QFT lagrangians. Not to mention that its unclear to me at least, how a many body problem like that would work out statistically. Clearly you can't just treat it as a classical thermal bath of photons.
 
  • #24
Metric Measurement...



Although the Schwarzschild Metric is a solution in General Relativity, 'static' Schwarzschild BHs with zero angular momentum [tex]L = 0[/tex], and based upon the violent nature of their improbable formation, cannot exist in the known Universe. The Schwarzschild Metric is a mathematical solution only, not a real solution in the real Universe.

Schwarzschild BHs do not exist.

 
  • #25
marlon said:
So just to get the record straight : it is relativistic mass that curves spacetime, right?
No. There is no place for relativistic mass in modern relativity. It is the stress-energy tensor that is the source term in Einstein's field equation.
 
  • #26
Kurious:
Also relativistic mass leads to odd conclusions such as an object moving
very close to light speed having so much mass it becomes a black hole.


Haelfix:
The question of whether a conglomeration of photons can form a black hole is rather interesting actually, though its vanishingly small even if the background was a vacuum.

Kurious:
A single photon with enough energy can in principle become a black hole.
 
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  • #27
pervect - Please understand that I know this is simply a difference of opinion and I can certainly respect your opinion.
pervect said:
It's not just proportionality, it's identity.
This part is not an opinion, it is a incorrect statement. There is a huge difference between identity and equality. When you claim that it is an identitiy, as you are, you're claiming that the term "relativistic mass" is a name which was created to mean the exact same thing as "energy", I.e. a synonym. That is incorrect. Relativistic mass is defined in one way (as the m such that mv is a conserved quantity) and inertial energy, T (which is the notation used in some portions of Goldstein 3rd Ed.), is defined in another way, i.e. T = energy in the absense of potential energy, V. This is sometimes called free-particle energy (e.g. Jackson 2nd Ed.). It is then proven that T = mc2.

Refering to it as an identity gives the false impression that this is not something that has to be proven. It also gives the impression that it includes potential energy. I had an extremely hard time trying to convince one person that it doesn't contain potential energy of position, but it was a lost cause because people almost always refer to T as "energy" and label it "E".

Yes. I'm quite familiar with that web page. However its arguments are quite poor. That is why I don't choose to abadon relativistic mass and why I think its bad to refer to it as such.
A fuller answer to "what curves spacetime" would be "the stress energy tensor" rather than just "energy", of course.
That view confuses the physical quantities which generate the gravitational field with the mathematical quantity which describes them. But to each his own. But if that is your view then it would be inconsistent to say that charge generates an EM field. So you might want to avoid that in the future should the subject arise. To be consistent with your view then you'd have to say that 4-current generates a EM field. Note: There can be g-fields in the absesnce of matter (e.g. gravitational radiation) and there can be EM fields in the absence of charge (e.g. cosmic background radiation).

Notice how I left out "curves spacetime" in all my responses? That is because a non-vanishing energy-momentum tensor can generate a non-vanishing gravitational field with no spacetime curvature (at points separate from where the energy-momentum tensor does not vanish).

Pete
 
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  • #28
"Notice how I left out "curves spacetime" in all my responses? That is because a non-vanishing energy-momentum tensor can generate a non-vanishing gravitational field with no spacetime curvature (at points separate from where the energy-momentum tensor does not vanish)."

What do you mean by curvature? The full Riemann tensor, Gauss curvature, the Ricci scalar.. What exactly? If you're not very careful you will violate the field equations.

All this is moot anyway, in the modern paradigm, everything is in the choice of connection.. Curvature is basically a man made description.
 
  • #29
Haelfix said:
What do you mean by curvature? The full Riemann tensor, Gauss curvature, the Ricci scalar.. What exactly? If you're not very careful you will violate the field equations.
In GR when someone speaks of spacetime curvature they are speaking of the non-vanishing of the Riemann tensor
All this is moot anyway, in the modern paradigm, everything is in the choice of connection.. Curvature is basically a man made description.
That doesn't make much sense to me. What do you mean "everything is in the choice of connection"? Any geometry can be described by the metric as well as the affine connection. Affine geometry and metric geometry are two ways of detecting curvature. Curvature is a description of properties of a manifold. It is no more manmade than any other quantity in mathematics.

Gaussian curvature is not defined for any dimension other than two. The dimensions of spacetime is 4 and therefore cannot apply. The Ricci scalar vanishes in vacuum and therefore cannot described the curvature of spacetime outside of matter.

Haelfix - I made the mistake of reading a post by someone I have on my block list and posted a correction to the post. In retrospect I decided it was a bad idea to read and respond to a blocked post/poster so I've deleted that post. Since some of that message might have been read by you in the meantime I'd be more than happy to discuss the content or Gaussian curvature with you and why its not defined in dimensions other than two. If you didn't read it then never mind.

Pete
 
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  • #30
pmb_phy said:
I
Gaussian curvature is not defined for any dimension other than two.
This is a common misconception. Gaussian curvature describes excess radius for a closed path in higher dimensional space just as Riemannian curvature describes the variation in a vector parrallel transported around a closed path in a higher dimensional spacetime. In both cases the path taken can be described as a displacement along a 2d surface, but in both cases the surface is in a higher dimensional imbedding. Your argument is just like claiming that Riemannian spacetime curvature only applies to a 2 dimensional spacetime which is rediculous.
 

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