## Geometry Problem in Context of Image-Charge Problem (Griffiths,p. 125, [3.15],[3.16])

1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data

You have charge inside metal-sphere-shell held at V = 0, and you know an image-charge goes outside the metal-sphere-shell to formulate the equivalent and unique potential. Oh, and the metal-sphere-shell is of radius "a". You get to the point where you superimpose the image and real charges' potentials like so:

$$\Phi \left( {a{\bf{\hat r}}} \right) \equiv 0 = \frac{1}{{4\pi {\varepsilon _0}}}\left( {\frac{q}{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0} - {\bf{\vec r}}} \right|}} + \frac{{{q_i}}}{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i} - {\bf{\vec r}}} \right|}}} \right)$$

in which: r-arrow is position at which potential is being considered, r[0] is position vector of original charge, and r[i] is position vector of image charge. also: q[0] and q[i] are the charges of real and image charges, respectively.

Prove that the charge of the image charge is:
${q_i} = - \frac{a}{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right|}}$

...and that the image charge is located a radial distance:
$\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right| = \frac{{{a^2}}}{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right|}}$

...away.

2. Relevant equations
uniqueness, and law of cosines. law of cosines seems key, as it is a Griffiths hint: consider it applied to one of the scalar-denominators of the superposition of potentials from (1)

$$\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0} - a{\bf{\hat r}}} \right| = \sqrt {({{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0} - a{\bf{\hat r}}) \bullet ({{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0} - a{\bf{\hat r}})} = \sqrt {{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right|}^2} + {{\left| {a{\bf{\hat r}}} \right|}^2} - 2\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right|\left| {a{\bf{\hat r}}} \right|\cos {\theta _{{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}{\bf{\hat r}}}}}$$

...in which the large "dot" denotes the scalar/dot product. Similar law-of-cosine treatment for other scalar denominator (that of the image charge):
$$\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i} - a{\bf{\hat r}}} \right| = \sqrt {{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right|}^2} + {{\left| {a{\bf{\hat r}}} \right|}^2} - 2\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right|\left| {a{\bf{\hat r}}} \right|\cos {\theta _{{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}{\bf{\hat r}}}}}$$

Also: the image charge and real charge lie along the same line as the circle’s radius, so:

$${\theta _{{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}{\bf{\hat r}}}} = {\theta _{{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}{\bf{\hat r}}}} = \theta$$

3. The attempt at a solution

Use law of cosines in the superposition:
$$\begin{array}{c} {Q_i}\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0} - a{\bf{\hat r}}} \right| = - Q\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i} - a{\bf{\hat r}}} \right| \\ {Q_i}\sqrt {{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right|}^2} + {a^2} - 2\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right|a\cos \theta } = - {Q_0}\sqrt {{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right|}^2} + {a^2} - 2\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right|a\cos \theta } \\ {Q_i} = - {Q_0}\frac{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right|}}{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right|}}\left( {\frac{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right| - 2a\cos \theta }}{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right| - 2a\cos \theta }}} \right) \\ \end{array}$$

Crude approach: plug in various values of "theta", and mandate they give the same image charge potential. Let us take a walk to the line between the already-parallel r[i] or r[0]. Now: r, our position-vector, is parallel to both r[i] and r[0] , meaning theta -> 0 , which makes this relation just under (3) of "Attempt..." into:
$${Q_i} = - {Q_0}\frac{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right|}}{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right|}}\left( {\frac{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right| - 2a\cos 0}}{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right| - 2a\cos 0}}} \right) = - {Q_0}\frac{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right|}}{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right|}}\left( {\frac{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right| - 2a}}{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right| - 2a}}} \right)$$

What if theta -> pi/2?

$${Q_i} = - {Q_0}\frac{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right|}}{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right|}}\left( {\frac{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right| - 2a\cos {\textstyle{\pi \over 2}}}}{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right| - 2a\cos {\textstyle{\pi \over 2}}}}} \right) = - {Q_0}\frac{{{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right|}^2}}}{{{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right|}^2}}}$$

Stupid! I am shy about setting something equal to anther thing...I'll prolly generate an algebra-mess.

Griffiths does say that picking image-charge magnitude and location is a bit of an art rather than a science. Sigh.

 PhysOrg.com science news on PhysOrg.com >> Heat-related deaths in Manhattan projected to rise>> Dire outlook despite global warming 'pause': study>> Sea level influenced tropical climate during the last ice age
 I reached a contradiction by setting the theta -> 0 and theta -> pi/2 results equal to one another: $$\begin{array}{c} \frac{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right|}}{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right|}}\left( {\frac{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right| - 2a}}{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right| - 2a}}} \right) = - \frac{{{Q_i}}}{{{Q_0}}} = \frac{{{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right|}^2}}}{{{{\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right|}^2}}} \\ \left( {\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right| - 2a} \right)\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right| = \left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right|\left( {\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right| - 2a} \right) \\ \left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right|\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right| - 2a\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right| = \left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right|\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right| - 2a\left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right| \\ \left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_0}} \right| = \left| {{{{\bf{\vec r}}}_i}} \right| \\ \end{array}$$