Uniform Solid Sphere

Mirumbe

Find the moment of inertia of a uniform solid sphere of mass,m and radius,a about an axis through its centre.
I have tried to solve it but I get the different answer, I don't know where I have done mistake. Please! check and correct my solution below:-
Consider a volume element, dv of the sphere; this has mass,mdv/(4/3)∏a^3.
Then
I = ∫(mdv/(4/3)∏a^3)r^2
Where r is the distance of the volume element, dv from the axis, and
I is the moment of inertia
I = m/(4/3)∏a^3∫r^2dv
We know, the volume of the sphere,v is:
v = (4/3)∏r^3
dv = 4∏r^2dr
Thus,
I = 3m/(4/3)∏a^3∫r^2(4∏r^2)dr
= 3m/a^3∫r^4dr under limit [0,a]
= 3m/a^3[r^5/5] under [o,a]
Hence,
I = (3/5)ma^2 --------------WRONG!!!

The correct answer is: I = (2/5)mr^2

mathman

For starters you seem to mixing r and a.

Doc Al

Here r is the distance to the axis.
Here r is the distance to the center.

Mirumbe

My intention was to find the volume element, dv of the sphere about the axis. But, since the axis was through its centre that's why I said
v = (4/3)∏r^3
Then, after differentiating w.r.t variable, I got the volume element, dv
dv = 4∏r^2dr
So, if I am wrong here,what should I do, so as to get the volume element,dv?

vanhees71

I'd use cylinder coordinates [itex]\rho,\varphi,z[/itex]. The sphere is given by [itex]\rho \in [0,R][/itex], [itex]\varphi \in [0,2 \pi[[/itex], and [itex]z \in [-\sqrt{R^2-\rho^2},+\sqrt{R^2-\rho^2}[/itex]. Let [itex]n=\text{\const}[/itex] be the mass density. Then the moment of inertia is

[tex]\Theta=n \int_0^{R} \mathrm{d} \rho \int_0^{2 \pi} \mathrm{d} \varphi \int_{-\sqrt{R^2-\rho^2}}^{\sqrt{R^2-\rho^2}} \mathrm{d} z \; \rho^3.
[/tex]

There one factor of [itex]\rho[/itex] comes from the volume element [itex]\mathrm{d}^3 x=\rho \mathrm{d} \rho \mathrm{d} \varphi \mathrm{d} z[/itex].

The integrals over [itex]z[/itex] and [itex]\varphi[/itex] are trivial. You find

[tex]\Theta=4 \pi n \int_0^R \mathrm{d} \rho \; \rho^3 \sqrt{R-\rho^2}.[/tex]

This remaining integral becomes

[tex]\Theta=\frac{8 \Pi}{15} n R^5 = \frac{8 \pi}{15} \frac{3m}{4 \pi R^3} R^5=\frac{2}{5} m R^2.[/tex]

Mirumbe

Thanks Vanhee71 for your solution although it is the new idea to me.

Doc Al

Unfortunately, vanhees71 just did the problem for you which deprives you of figuring it out on your own.

The key point is to choose a volume element for which you can easily write down the moment of inertia. You chose spherical shells. (And in the process, mixed up the radius of those shells with the distance of a mass element to the axis of rotation.) You could do the problem that way, but you'd have to know the moment of inertia of a spherical shell. The better way is use cylindrical shells, which are easy. What's the moment of inertia of a cylindrical shell?

Mirumbe

The moment of inertia of the Cylindrical shell is:
I = MR^2