Subset problem

SeventhSigma

If I have a set of numbers from 1 to N, I want to know how to count sets such that the highest number in the set is smaller than the sum of the rest of the subset.

example - (4,7,8) is OK because 4+7>8
(1,2,3,6) is not OK because 1+2+3<=6

Not even sure how to begin @____@

DonAntonio

I'm not sure what you meant by "how to count sets such that...". Do you mean you have to characterise these sets, build them...or what?

If you want to build them, take any number of natural numbers [itex]a_1, a_2,...,a_n[/itex] , evaluate their sum [itex]S=a_1+...+a_n[/itex] ,and now

just take ANY number [itex]H > S\Longrightarrow \{a_1,...,a_n,H\}[/itex] is a set as you want.

If you want something else write it down clearly.

DonAntonio

SeventhSigma

I'm not trying to build sets; I'm trying to count valid subsets.

The main set, call it S, is a list from 1 to N (N can be anything).

I am trying to figure out a good approach/formula for counting valid subsets of S. A valid subset is one where the largest element of the subset is less than the sum of the rest of the subset.

SteveL27

The way to begin is to start by computing the sets by hand for n = 1, 2, etc. After a while you'll either see a pattern or realize that the combinatorics are too complicated for you to figure out.

The other thing to do as you go through these exercises is to develop some notation and start to gain familiarity with how the sets work.

So let's take n = 1.

We only have two possible subsets, [itex]\emptyset[/itex] and {1}.

[itex]\emptyset[/itex] has no largest element so there's nothing we can say about it. From now on we won't consider the empty set.

The largest element of {1} is 1. Let's denote this as L({1}) = 1. For any set, L(A) is the largest element of the set.

What's the sum of the remaining elements? Well the set of remaining elements other than 1 is empty. The empty sum is zero. Let's denote this as S({1}) = 0. In other words for any set A, S(A) is the sum of the elements in A excluding L(A).

Now there are three possibilities for any set A:

* S(A) < L(A). In this case we'll call A an "L-set," for "less than."

* S(A) = L(A). In this case we'll call A an "E-set," for "equal."

* S(A) > L(A). In this case we'll call A a "G-set," for "greater than." These are the ones you're interested in. My notation is backward from your description, my apologies. This seemed natural to me because if you arrange the elements in order, the largest is on the right and the sum of the rest of them is on the left. So S is to the left of L in my mind. You see that a key part of the process is developing your own mental model of the problem.

With this notation, let's just bang out a bunch of examples and see what we see.

Also note that your problem has a constraint that makes it much easier than it could be. For each n we only have to consider subsets of {1, 2, 3, ...n}. In other words we don't have to deal with arbitrary subsets of the natural numbers such as {47, 100, 148}, which is an L-set. But we aren't considering those types of arbitrary sets. For us, the only possible 3-element set is {1,2,3}, which happens to be an E-set. So your problem is a special case of a much harder problem.

Ok for n = 1 we already saw that we have an enumeration of the subsets:

{1}: L

For n = 2 we have:

{1} : L
{2} : L
{1, 2} : L

We now make a couple of handy observations. Every singleton is an L-set. And every 2-element set is an L-set. Handy to know, saves us some thinking as we go. You see the point of these warmup exercises is to start to become familiar with the problem space.

For n = 3 we have

{1} : L
{2} : L
{3} : L -- remember we don't even have to think about singletons, we know they're L's.
{1,2} : L
{1,3} : L
{2,3} : L -- likewise the 2-elt sets are L's.
{1,2,3} : E -- Ok we finally saw something interesting. Our first E-set.

Also note that your table always has 2ⁿ - 1 entries. That's the number of nonempty sets in the power set of an n-element set.

Now I won't write out the entire table for n = 4. There are 15 nonempty subsets. Four are singletons, six are 2-elt sets ({1,2}; {1,3}; {1,4}; {2,3}; {2,4}; {3,4)}. All of these are L-sets.

When we get to the 3-elt sets we have

{1,2,3} : E
{1,2,4} : L
{1,3,4} : E
{2,3,4} : G -- Hooray, our first G-set, which is the type you are interested in.

And finally the 4-banger.

{1,2,3,4} : G -- Our second G-set.

So if G(n) is the number of G-sets for n, we have G(1) = G(2) = G(3) = 0; and G(4) = 2.

I'll leave the rest to you. Clearly n = 5 is tedious and n = 6 more tedious still. But at some point you might see the pattern by which G-sets are formed.

I hope I provided an answer to the question, How do we start a problem like this?

What we do is start computing the objects of interest by hand for n = 1, 2, ...

As we go, we are forced to confront some conceptual issues such as remembering that an empty sum is zero. We also develop some notation to serve as a shorthand for ideas that we're using over and over. And as we go, we start to develop some skill at manipulating the objects of interest. We know without having to think that singletons and 2-bangers are L-sets. We know that the smallest G-set is {2,3,4}, and so on.

I think that this is going to get combinatorially tricky as the numbers get larger. But this is how to get started. Roll up your sleeves and look at examples.

ps -- If you know a programming language, this is the kind of problem that would be straightforward to program. The benefit of that approach is that you can produce a table for G(n) for much larger values of n than you could do by hand. However there is also some virtue to writing out a lot of cases by hand so you develop intuition for the problem.

dodo

On the subject of finding shortcuts, it may be useful to realize that, for N>3, the whole set S={1,2,3,...N} is a 'G-set' (thus 'valid'), since the largest element is N and the sum of the others is N(N-1)/2, and (N-1)/2 > 1 when N>3. On these conditions, any subset including N will be 'valid', as the sum of the others will not be higher than in the worst case, S itself.

SeventhSigma

I've tried most of these techniques already; in all actuality my set S is more like {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 13, 19, 28, 41} where the first three terms are hardcoded and the rest: a(n) = a(n-1) + a(n-3)

Problem: When I try to even list out all possible sets by hand, I don't see any patterns, nor do I know how to take advantage of combinatorics. Every time I think I've found a pattern, it diverges. I am aware of the points stated so far in this thread though. I think my issue is understanding the combinatorics behind the counting.

DonAntonio

And that's precisely the reason why it is not true that any subset containing N will be valid!

For example, for [itex]N\geq 3[/itex] , the set [itex]\{1,2,N\}[/itex] is not valid...

In fact, S is not the "worst case" but the "best"...

DonAntonio

SeventhSigma

There are many subsets containing N that work, but not all

SeventhSigma

I might also note that I have written a program that will show all the combinations but it finds them all through brute force. OK for small S, not okay for large S.

SeventhSigma

Still not finding any pattern... how to use combinatorics here?

dodo

Oh boy, what was I smoking... sorry about that! You are right. Post #5 should be read only up to "... when N>3", the last sentence is wrong wrong wrong.

SeventhSigma

Is anyone able to help?

Petek

Here's a general suggestion that may or may not help: You say that you have calculated your desired result for small values of N. Search for that sequence in the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. If you get a match, the information might be useful.

SeventhSigma

I have had that site open pretty much the entire time I've been working on this and nothing's been particularly helpful, unfortunately. None of the sequences match (or any of the subsequences I get when I try creative ways to partition the results).

dodo

I wonder (without really knowing what I'm talking about) if the problem can be approached from the other end: counting ways to partition an integer K as a sum of distinct terms, all smaller than your given N; and then adding all these counts from K=N+1 to N(N-1)/2.

SeventhSigma

perhaps, but for very large N I am not sure if that will work because it would require calculating that for each and every K.

DonAntonio

Have you thought of the not-at-all remote possibility that there is no pattern whatsoever for your problem?

Perhaps this is one of those problems that require to know the exact set to work with in order to construct all the valid subsets...

DonAntonio