fluid dynamics - dissipation using cylindrical coordinates

**da_willem** · Apr23-05, 01:32 PM

I have this flow field in cylindrical coordinates of wich I would like to calculate the dissipation as a function of these coordinates. Now in my fluid dynamics notes I found the following expression(s) for the dissipation:

$LaTeX Code: 2 \\mu (e_{ij} -\\frac{1}{3} \\Delta \\delta _{ij} )^2 = 2 \\mu ( e_{ij}^2 - \\frac{1}{3} \\Delta ^2 )= \\frac{d_{ij}}{2 \\mu}$

with $LaTeX Code: \\mu$ the dynamic viscosity, e the rate-of-deformation tensor, $LaTeX Code: \\Delta$ the divergence of the velocity and d the deviatoric stresses. I assume these squares express two sums required by the Einstein summation convention?

I also found some expressions for the deviatoric stresses in cylindrical coordinates, terms like $LaTeX Code: d_{z \\phi}, d_{zr}, d_{zz}$ etc. I don't really know how to interpret these and how to proceed. Can I use the last expression and instead of summing over x,y and z sum over the three cylindrical coordinates? Or does this yield something different?

**arildno** · Apr24-05, 01:19 PM

Hi, dawillem:
Do you know of dyadics?
If you use this formalism, you can formulate the expressions independent of the type of coordinate system you're using.

For example, I assume you're familiar with the expression:
$LaTeX Code: \\dot{e}_{ij}=\\frac{1}{2}(\\nabla\\vec{v}+(\\nabla\\vec {v})^{T})$
where T is the transpose.
For Cartesian coordinates, we have:
$LaTeX Code: \\dot{e}_{ij}=\\frac{1}{2}(\\frac{\\partial{u}_{i}}{\\p artial{x}_{j}}+\\frac{\\partial{u}_{j}}{\\partial{x}_ {i}})$

Let's calculate the matrix $LaTeX Code: \\nabla\\vec{v}$ in CYLINDRICAL coordinates:
1) We have: $LaTeX Code: \\nabla=\\vec{i}_{r}\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial{r}}+\\ve c{i}_{\\theta}\\frac{\\partial}{r\\partial\\theta}+\\vec {i}_{z}\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial{z}}$
Along with the relations:
$LaTeX Code: \\frac{\\partial\\vec{i}_{r}}{\\partial{z}}=\\frac{\\par tial\\vec{i}_{\\theta}}{\\partial{z}}=\\frac{\\partial\\ vec{i}_{z}}{\\partial{z}}=\\vec{0}$
$LaTeX Code: \\frac{\\partial\\vec{i}_{r}}{\\partial{r}}=\\frac{\\par tial\\vec{i}_{\\theta}}{\\partial{r}}=\\frac{\\partial\\ vec{i}_{z}}{\\partial{r}}=\\vec{0}$
$LaTeX Code: \\frac{\\partial\\vec{i}_{r}}{\\partial{\\theta}}=\\vec{ i}_{\\theta},\\frac{\\partial\\vec{i}_{\\theta}}{\\parti al{\\theta}}=-\\vec{i}_{r},\\frac{\\partial\\vec{i}_{z}}{\\partial{\\t heta}}=\\vec{0}$
2) Let $LaTeX Code: \\vec{v}=v_{r}\\vec{i}_{r}+v_{\\theta}\\vec{i}_{\\theta }+v_{z}\\vec{i}_{z}$
3)We therefore should have:
$LaTeX Code: \\nabla\\vec{v}=\\vec{i}_{r}\\frac{\\partial\\vec{v}}{\\p artial{r}}+\\vec{i}_{\\theta}\\frac{\\partial\\vec{v}}{ r\\partial{\\theta}}+\\vec{i}_{z}\\frac{\\partial\\vec{v }}{\\partial{z}}$
And, for example:
$LaTeX Code: \\frac{\\partial\\vec{v}}{\\partial{\\theta}}=\\frac{\\pa rtial{v}_{r}\\vec{i}_{r}}{\\partial\\theta}+\\frac{\\pa rtial{v}_{\\theta}\\vec{i}_{\\theta}}{\\partial\\theta} +\\frac{\\partial{v}_{z}\\vec{i}_{z}}{\\partial\\theta}$
That is:
$LaTeX Code: \\frac{\\partial\\vec{v}}{\\partial{\\theta}}=\\frac{\\pa rtial{v}_{r}}{\\partial\\theta}\\vec{i}_{r}+v_{r}\\vec {i}_{\\theta}+\\frac{\\partial{v}_{\\theta}}{\\partial\\ theta}\\vec{i}_{\\theta}-v_{\\theta}\\vec{i}_{r}+\\frac{\\partial{v}_{z}}{\\part ial\\theta}\\vec{i}_{z}}$
Thus, we can write:
$LaTeX Code: \\vec{i}_{\\theta}\\frac{\\partial\\vec{v}}{r\\partial{\\ theta}}=\\frac{\\partial\\vec{v}}{\\partial{\\theta}}=\\ frac{\\partial{v}_{r}}{r\\partial\\theta}\\vec{i}_{\\th eta}\\vec{i}_{r}+\\frac{v_{r}}{r}\\vec{i}_{\\theta}\\ve c{i}_{\\theta}+\\frac{\\partial{v}_{\\theta}}{r\\partia l\\theta}\\vec{i}_{\\theta}\\vec{i}_{\\theta}-\\frac{v_{\\theta}}{r}\\vec{i}_{\\theta}\\vec{i}_{r}+\\f rac{\\partial{v}_{z}}{r\\partial\\theta}\\vec{i}_{\\the ta}\\vec{i}_{z}$
A quantity of type $LaTeX Code: \\vec{i}_{\\theta}\\vec{i}_{\\theta}$ is called a DYAD, and we can regard it as a matrix with value 1 at row&column position $LaTeX Code: \\vec{i}_{\\theta}$ and 0 elsewhere.
(The two other "diagonal" dyads are, of course $LaTeX Code: \\vec{i}_{r}\\vec{i}_{r},\\vec{i}_{z}\\vec{i}_{z}$ )
I'll leave the rest to you..

With the dyad formalism, you can readily find your expressions in arbitrary coordinate systems.

**da_willem** · Apr24-05, 04:12 PM

Thanks for your helpful reply arildno,

I've never heard of dyads before, but most of the things you wrote I'm more or less familiar with. We haven't treated the mathematics of tensors and dyads thoroughly though. In my notes the rate of deformation tensor is written:

$LaTeX Code: \\frac{1}{2} ( \\frac{\\partial u_i}{\\partial x_j}+\\frac{\\partial u_j}{\\partial x_i})$

But I can see that this comes down to the expression you used. The above expression is only correct in Cartesian coordinates right, and the expression you wrote is right independent of coordinates? [If this what is called the tensor coordinate free form then how come the above expression with the indices and all reminds me more of tensors?!]

I think I know how to proceed with the rest of the terms now, but I think i'ts gonna take a while...so I'd like to find a shortcut, as I already know the expressions for the deviatoric stresses in cylindrical coordinates. The expression for the dissipation:

$LaTeX Code: \\frac{d^2_{ij}}{2 \\mu}$

if I'm not mistaken comes down to summing all the squared elements of d. Is this true as well for d in cylindrical coordinates, and why (not)?

**arildno** · Apr24-05, 04:21 PM

I'll check up in my books for the exact expressions, and get back to that.

However, you can probably design a tensor notation with a nice set of indices to get it working.
Note that, for general, 3-D curvilinear coordinates, the del-operator has the form:
$LaTeX Code: \\nabla=\\vec{i}_{1}\\frac{\\partial}{h_{1}\\partial{x} _{1}}+\\vec{i}_{2}\\frac{\\partial}{h_{2}\\partial{x}_ {2}}+\\vec{i}_{3}\\frac{\\partial}{h_{3}\\partial{x}_{ 3}}$
where the h's are appropriate scale factors (possibly functions of the variables), and the vectors form an orthonormal set.

**da_willem** · Apr24-05, 04:59 PM

You mean an expression for the dissipation not dependent on the particular coordinates? The expressions in my first post were the only ones I could find and they all assume Cartesian coordinates right?

I guess you could translate the part in between the square in coordinate free form as:

$LaTeX Code: 2 \\mu (e_{ij} -\\frac{1}{3} \\Delta \\delta _{ij} )^2 \\rightarrow 2 \\mu (\\frac{1}{2}(\\nabla\\vec{v}+(\\nabla\\vec {v})^{T}) - \\frac{1}{3} \\nabla \\cdot \\vec{v} I)$

But then I dont know what to do with the square in the expression... So I guess it boils down to find out how to translate the square (it must yield a scalar as the expression denotes the dissipation) to coordinate free form. Or find a coordinate free expression in a book somewhere.

As I interpreted it, it means a double summation:

$LaTeX Code: d_{ij}=\\Sigma^3 _{i=1} \\Sigma^3 _{j} d_{ij} d_{ij} = \\Sigma^3 _{i=1} \\Sigma^3 _{j} d_{ij} ^2$

This probably has got something to do with tensor invariants, and my feeling (or my laziness) says I can just do the same with the components $LaTeX Code: d_{z \\phi}, d_{zr}, d_{zz}$ etc. But I'm not too sure.

**da_willem** · Apr25-05, 02:36 AM

I found an expression in cylindrical coordinates.... @ http://www.clarkson.edu/subramanian/...issipation.pdf

It looks a lot like the sum of the squared elements $LaTeX Code: d_{z \\phi}, d_{zr}, d_{zz}$ etc, but I'll have to look at it more thoroughly.

**dextercioby** · Apr25-05, 03:15 AM

We physicists don't worry too much about bases on tangent & cotangent spaces of a manifold,but more on how the components of (pseudo)tensor quantities behave.I'll use the column-semicolumn notation.

U wan to put this tensor (actually the components,but physicists always name "components of a tensor"="tensor")

$LaTeX Code: e_{ij}=\\frac{1}{2}v_{(i,j)}=\\frac{1}{2}\\left(v_{i, j}+v_{j,i}\\right)$

in covariant form.U'll need the covariant derivative

$LaTeX Code: \\tilde{e}_{ij}=\\frac{1}{2}v_{(i;j)}=\\frac{1}{2}\\le ft(v_{i;j}+v_{j;i}\\right)$

where

$LaTeX Code: v_{i;j}=v_{i,j}+\\Gamma^{k} \\ _{ij}v_{k}$

All u have to do is find the Christoffel symbols.It's not difficult to find the metric tensor & its inverse,since the cylindrical system of coordinates is orthonormal...

Daniel.

**da_willem** · Apr25-05, 03:45 AM

Actually I think I know how to find, in principle, the rate-of-deformation tensor e using cylindrical coordiantes using arildno's post. But I want to know the dissipation: how is this related to e in coordinate free form?

And what exactly does 'covariant form' mean?

**dextercioby** · Apr25-05, 03:59 AM

What is the relation in euclidean/cartesian orthonormal coordinates...?

Invariant under general coordinates tranformation...

Daniel.

**da_willem** · Apr25-05, 04:43 AM

$LaTeX Code: 2 \\mu (e_{ij} -\\frac{1}{3} \\Delta \\delta _{ij} )^2 = 2 \\mu ( e_{ij}^2 - \\frac{1}{3} \\Delta ^2 )= \\frac{d^2_{ij}}{2 \\mu}$

What does invariance under general coordinates tranformation mean for the expression you wrote down. Surely the components of e change under a coordinate transormation as the Christoffel symbols change. So this invariance means for e...?!

**dextercioby** · Apr25-05, 05:29 AM

It's not tensor correct.The LHS of the last equality is a scalar,while the RHS is a II-nd rank (pseudo)tensor.

$LaTeX Code: \\hat{e}^{2}=e_{ij}e^{ij}$

$LaTeX Code: \\Delta^{2}=\\left(v^{i}\\ _{,i}\\right)^{2}$

Daniel.