Euler's equation is beautiful, but I think my favorite is Stokes' Theorem:
Given a k-chain, M in \mathbb{R}^n and a k-1 form, \omega \in \Omega^{k-1}\mathbb{R}^n,
\int_{M}d\omega=\int_{\partial M}\omega.
All the classical theorems of div, grad, and curl, follow from this one elegant equation.