The observed values are the data given and the expected ones, if your model is, say the simple linear, are $$e_i=\hat{\beta}_0+\hat{\beta}_1x_i,$$
where ##\hat{\beta}_0## and ##\hat{\beta}_1## are the least square estimators.
Analogously, for any other kind of model, e.g. multiple regression etc.
The ##\chi^ 2##-test function is defined as $$\sum_{i} \frac{\left(y_i-e_i\right)^2}{e_i},$$
where ##y_i## are the observed value and ##e_i## is the estimated value (say, if you want to test if your data come from a binomial distribution, ##\text{Bin}\left(n,p\right)##, then ##e_i=n\cdot p##.)...
Hello! Another quite useful tool to prove this is the Cauchy Condensation Test (##\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}a_k## is convergent if and only if ##\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}2^ka_{2^k}## is convergent). In this example, ##a_k=\frac{1}{k(\ln k)^p}##. Then, $$2^ka_{2^k}=2^k\frac{1}{2^k\left(\ln...
Consider again the normal force. Part of the force ##F## and particularly its component ##F\cdot \sin (30)## participates into that computation. As said above, if someone pushes downwards a book (placed on a table), the normal force will not be equal to its weight, but greater, otherwise, the...
@StatGuy2000 and @apostolosdt that option is what I consider the last few days. I will start a new Phd project (maybe with a new supervisor, since my current one has no research interests towards physics) on Mathematical Physics. The next few days I will have some meetings with stuff members...
The reason I've started this thread is because during the last couple of weeks I am always thinking about having chosen the wrong option. One of my first thoughts was that I should try to turn into physics. Here in Greece, the path is somewhat painful, as someone with no previous experience in...
Hello,
I'm currently a phd candidate in pure maths, doing research in Ergodic Theory (concerning ergodic convergence theorems). When I started studying Ergodic Theory I ran into Statistical Mechanics and I immediately fell in love. I've started studying physics from scratch. As my current...
Hello everyone,
I'm a PhD candidate in pure Maths, who loves Physics. I've joined to ask some career questions and take some advice.
Keep going and love Physics!