A A question about Vanadium dioxide smart window heating

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TL;DR Summary

How to heat a Vanadium dioxide smart window

First of all, I do not know which question should be posted on which topic. Sorry for that.

I am reading a few research papers related to VO₂ smart window.
The example papers that I am reading.
1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2019.103019
2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.12.024

The first research investigates the effect of textured substrates on transmittance performance at different temperatures. They are focusing on measuring the transmittance of VO₂ smart window at temperatures of 25 and 100 degrees.

The second research investigates the effects of strain and an increase in temperature on transmittance and energy consumption of VO₂ smart windows.

1. I am curious about the method that they use to heat or control the temperature on the VO₂ smart window.
2. Are there any methods that are simple and used to control temperature in terms of doing an experiment like these papers?

 

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Here is what Wikipedia says about it:

At 68 °C, it transforms from an infrared transparent and semiconducting state to a reflective and conductive state in a very short time. By introducing small amounts of tungsten into vanadium dioxide, the transformation temperature can be reduced to about 29 °C, which makes the oxide suitable for heat-repellent coating of glass surfaces.

The other property is its triple point.

Recent studies on single-crystal nanowires of vanadium(IV) oxide have shown that at 65.0 °C a triple point of one metallic and two insulating phases of the metal oxide is present. Only the slightest changes in these conditions are sufficient to stabilize only one single phase at a time, with the changes taking place within a few picoseconds.

That makes it interesting for electronic applications.

For references, see https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium(IV)-oxid#Einzelnachweise