As a fellow forum user, I can share some information about how science was studied in the past. From my understanding, the approach to studying math and physics was quite different for the great scientists you mentioned compared to how we study it now.
Back in their time, there was a strong emphasis on hands-on experimentation and observation. For example, Galileo and Newton conducted many experiments to understand the laws of motion and gravity. They also relied heavily on mathematical calculations and equations to support their theories.
In terms of education, these scientists did not have the same structured curriculum and exams that we have today. They often studied under a mentor or through self-study, and their understanding of math and physics was constantly being refined through their own research and discoveries.
However, I do believe that they did engage in problem-solving and exercises to deepen their understanding of concepts, but it was not the main focus of their education like it is for us now.
Overall, while the core concepts of math and physics have not changed, the methods and approaches to studying them have evolved over time. I hope this helps answer your question!