Hodge Duality

[Gianni2k]

I'm having problems understanding Hodge duality in its most basic form. It relates exterior p forms to exterior n-p forms where n is the dimensionality of the manifold. I cant seem to follow the discussion on the hodge dual operator on this lecture course (page 19):

http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/about/members/dgnotes3.pdf

How does the star operator bring about all the Faraday 2-form example?

Any help would be appreciated.
Thanks.

[tiny-tim]

I'm having problems understanding Hodge duality in its most basic form. It relates exterior p forms to exterior n-p forms where n is the dimensionality of the manifold.
…
How does the star operator bring about all the Faraday 2-form example?

Hi Gianni2k! :smile:

The defining property is that inner product with the * (an ordinary scalar) is ± the same as outer product with the original:

For example, in Minkowski (+,-,-,-) space, the outer product x^y^z^t = 1, so (*x,y^z^t) = ±1, so *x must be ±y^z^t.

(by comparison, x^x^z^t = 0, so (*x,x^z^t) = (y^z^t,x^z^t) = 0)

and similarly outer product x^y^z^t = 1, so (*(x^y),z^t) = ±1, so *(x^y) must be ±z^t.

It's always the "perpendicular" component:

If we think of a p-form as spanning a p-dimensional subspace (yes, I know we shouldn't!), then its * spans the perpendicular, or complementary, subspace.

*x "is" the three dimensions perpendicular to x, and must therefore be ±y^z^t (± according to the metric).

and *(x^y) must be ±z^t.

So in Faraday, Ex is the x^t component, and so its * is ± the y^z component, which is Bx.

It's this equality between inner product with * and outer product with the original that forces the * to "be" the perpendicular element.

Does that help? :smile:

[Gianni2k]

ok great, so why is the outer product on minkowski x^y^z^t=1? And is (x,x) always =1 ?

Also, so in this formalism is the magnetic field the Hodge dual to the electric field in Minkowski space?

thanks.

[tiny-tim]

Hi Gianni2k! :smile:
ok great, so why is the outer product on minkowski x^y^z^t=1? And is (x,x) always =1 ?

With the usual (+.-.-.-) metric, (t,t) = 1 and (x,x) = -1.

And the product of all four of x y z and t is ±1, depending on the order they're in (maybe it's x^y^z^t=-1, I haven't checked :redface:)
Also, so in this formalism is the magnetic field the Hodge dual to the electric field in Minkowski space?

Yes (times -1):

*E = -B, *B = E, **E = -E, **B = - B. :smile:

[Demystifier]

Gianni, thanks for the link to good lectures.

By the way, these lectures are referred to as Part III. Do you also have links to other parts?

[OrderOfThings]

In three dimensions forms can be visualized like this:

A 1-form is a set of equally spaced planes.
A 2-form is a set of equally spaced lines.
A 3-form is a set of equally spaced points.

The Hodge dual of a 2-form is then a set of planes perpendicular to the 2-form lines. The spacing between the planes is such that the intersection points between the planes and lines are a lattice with one point per unit volume.

In four dimensions it gets slightly more complicated:

A 1-form is a set of equally spaced 3-dimensional linear spaces.
A 2-form is one or two sets of equally spaced planes.
A 3-form is a set of equally spaced lines.
A 4-form is a set of equally spaced points.

The Hodge dual of a simple (i.e. it is only one set of planes) 2-form is another set of planes, perpendicular to the first set and spaced such that the intersection points are a lattice with one point per unit 4-volume.

(Ah, and yes, all lines, planes, etc should have an orientation as well...)

By the way, these lectures are referred to as Part III. Do you also have links to other parts?
Part II is found a http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/about/members/gwglectures.html

[cristo]

By the way, these lectures are referred to as Part III. Do you also have links to other parts?
Part III is the other name for Cambridge's "Certificate of Advanced Study in Mathematics (http://www.maths.cam.ac.uk/postgrad/casm/)": their masters course. Thus, these notes are not the third part of a lecture series, but is a complete course taught during the CASM (or Part III).

[Demystifier]

Part II is found a http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/about/members/gwglectures.html
Good link, thanks! :approve: