Big enough to ensure adequate lubrication, cooling and cleaning of bearings, reciprocating masses and valve gear at the required range of engine speeds and loads, under all foreseeable operating conditions.
I think there's a key difference between air bubbles entrained within the coolant, and 'pockets' of air trapped and preventing successful coolant flow...
There are plenty of mechanical issues (fuel pump and injector lubrication problems, for instance) to contend with as well as the uncontrolled burn you will end up with.
A kWh is an energy unit, not power.
kJ/kWh is the normal way to express fuel consumption for an engine fuelled by gas. Convert to kJ/kWs (divide by 3600), take the reciprocal, and that is your efficiency.
For overall efficiency, you also need to consider the amount of heat you are recovering...
The bowling ball might apply more torque to your elbow at 90 degrees, but this has nothing to do with efficiency, and does nothing to support your claim.
I don't like people throwing around credentials, but you should understand that there are experts here. I am a professional engineer and have...