Mathematical induction attempts to show that if the equation holds for n, then it also holds for n+1. It's easier to keep straight if you use a substitution such as n=k+1
Reminds me of an engineering student who told a co-worker that he shouldn't drain the water out of his ice chest because of it's heat capacity. The co-worker replied he didn't want his food to get too soggy.
Because the satellite is moving very fast. Another force would either slow the satellite down, so it would move closer to the earth, or speed it up, so it would move away from the earth.