What objects can be compared to strings in terms of length and energy scales?

In summary, the string theory has many interesting possibilities, but cannot be verified at the Planckian scale. The question arises whether it can be constructed as a low-energy theory of elementary particles that is accessible for experimental testing. The present theory of elementary particles, the Standard Model, is of the order of the Compton wavelength scale. If strings were of a similar scale and low energies, they could correspond to usual elementary particles. The basic postulates of the theory of strings at the Planckian scale include the existence of one-dimensional objects called strings that follow a relativistic wave equation and have a certain size. The strings can be open or closed and their masses and spins are determined by their vibrations and twirling. The theory of strings also
  • #1
agkyriak
39
0
Could the string theory be interpreted as low-energy theory of elementary particles?
As is known, the theory of strings has many interesting and important possibilities, but it cannot be verified because of the Planckian scale. Does arise the question: is it possible to construct the theory, similar to the existing theory of strings, but accessible for the experimental check?
The present checked theory of the elementary particles – Standard Model - is of order of Compton wavelength scale. Thus, what theory we will obtain, if strings will be of order of Compton wavelength scale and of low energies, which correspond to the usual elementary particles? What we have in the case of the string theory?

Basic postulates of the theory of the Planckian scale strings
Enumerate the main of postulates, accepted in the simplest version of the string theory.
1) In nature there are some one-dimensional objects, which are subordinated to relativistic wave equation and therefore called strings.
2) Strings have certain size of the order of [tex]10^{-35} [/tex]m.
3) Strings are characterized by the vibrational energy (which can be converted into the mass).
4) The simplest strings are the open mass-free boson strings.
(Obviously, this means that they must move in the empty space with the speed of light).
5) In nature there are closed strings with different number of loops, which are formed by twirling and closing of the open strings.
(But, let us note that in the theory of strings the reasons for the twirling of the open strings are not known; theory either postulates them or is limited to purely mathematical conversions. Let us note also that such strings cannot obviously move with the speed of light, since the mass of the twirled string remains concentrated in the specific place of space).
6) Masses of the twirled strings are determined by the intensity of oscillations, and spins by a number of loops and by their motion.
7) At least the part of such excited strings must correspond to known elementary particles. (since other particles (e.g. super-particles) cannot be fixed on the usual scale of lengths and energies, we will not speak about them).
8) The theory of strings formally makes possible to construct the gravity equation of Einstein.

What objects of the usual scale of lengths and energies we can compare to these strings?
 
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  • #2
agkyriak said:
Could the string theory be interpreted as low-energy theory of elementary particles?
As is known, the theory of strings has many interesting and important possibilities, but it cannot be verified because of the Planckian scale. Does arise the question: is it possible to construct the theory, similar to the existing theory of strings, but accessible for the experimental check?
The present checked theory of the elementary particles – Standard Model - is of order of Compton wavelength scale. Thus, what theory we will obtain, if strings will be of order of Compton wavelength scale and of low energies, which correspond to the usual elementary particles? What we have in the case of the string theory?

The objection is that the string scale, given by its tension, should be something around 1GeV - 1 Tev. So we should expect to detect form factors and compositeness in the electron.

I suspect it could be possible to bypass this objection because the particles in the standard model are not the bosonic states but the fermionic ones; I haven't see a serious calculation of the cross section for scattering of fermionic strings and it could be that its scattering size were a lot smaller than its intrinsic tension scale.

agkyriak said:
What objects of the usual scale of lengths and energies we can compare to these strings?

Hey, do you have a proposal? tell us!
 
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  • #3
particles in the standard model are not the bosonic states but the fermionic ones;

How about pseudoscalar mesons?There are bosons..
and phenomenon of 18 degrees my be the manifestation some strings.
Proton is basic tone and mesons are overtones..
 
  • #4
arivero said:
the particles in the standard model are not the bosonic states but the fermionic ones; I haven't see a serious calculation of the cross section for scattering of fermionic strings and it could be that its scattering size were a lot smaller than its intrinsic tension scale.

I talk about the low-energy theory of strings, not about the Standard Model.

Let us attempt to find first the low-energy bosonic strings, then we can look if can appear the fermionic states. So:

What objects of the usual scale of lengths and energies we can compare to these strings?

Open strings of the low-energy scale?
What objects of the usual scale of lengths and energies we can compare to these strings? Is there a similar object in the microcosm? Let us begin from the simplest mass-free boson string.
As is known, in nature there is only one object, which has zero mass and simultaneously it is a boson: this is a photon. But does have it other corresponding characteristics? Let us verify this.
Since we do not know the structure of photon, we can make conclusions only on the basis of its mathematical characteristics.
1) Is subordinated a photon to relativistic wave equation?
In the framework of QED (Akhiezer and Berestetskii, p. 15) “as field equation, which describes quantum mechanical state of photons or photon system, is naturally to take the Maxwell equations. It is not difficult to show that this assumption together with relation is sufficient to build the theory of photon and its interaction with other particles”.
Since the relativistic electromagnetic wave equation follows from the Maxwell equations, from above follows that a photon must also subordinated to the same wave equation, with difference that its frequency (energy) are quantized.
Thus, photon is actually the mass-free boson, which is subordinated to wave equation.
2) Following question: is it possible to consider a photon as one-dimensional object?
One-dimensional object is characterized by one parameter of size, called length. What we do have in the case of photon?
According to Planck and Einstein (Frauenfelder and Henley) monochromatic electromagnetic (EM) wave consists of the [tex]N[/tex] monoenergetic photons, each of which has zero mass, energy [tex]\varepsilon [/tex], momentum [tex]\vec {p}[/tex], and wavelength [tex]\lambda [/tex], whose values are one-to-one connected between them: [tex]\varepsilon =\hbar \omega ,\vec {p}=\hbar \vec {k}[/tex], [tex]\varepsilon =cp[/tex], ([tex]\vec {k}={\vec {k}^0} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\vec {k}^0} \mathchar'26\mkern-10mu\lambda }} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \mathchar'26\mkern-10mu\lambda [/tex] is wave vector, [tex]\mathchar'26\mkern-10mu\lambda=\lambda \mathord{\left/{\vphantom{\lambda {2\pi }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {2\pi }[/tex] is the shortened wavelength). The number of photons in EM wave is such, that their total energy is equal [tex]\varepsilon _{full} =N\varepsilon =N\hbar \omega [/tex].
Photons are bosons and coherent photons are capable to be condensed in the EM wave (for example, in the form of laser beam), which has the specific frequency.
Thus, since the photon characteristics are one-to-one connected with each other, in order to describe photon it suffices to know only its one parameter: wavelength.
Now, it remained to prove that the region of space, in which was concluded the photon, is characterized by its wavelength.
3) From a theoretical point of view the proof was given long years ago in the work of Landau and Peierls and confirmed recently in the works of other scientists (Cook, Inagaki and others). Let us consider briefly this proof, using the book of (Akhiezer and Berestetskii, 1969):

The wave function of photon is here introduced as follows. The vectors of the EM field [itex]\vec {{\rm E}}[/itex] and [itex]\vec {{\rm H}}[/itex], as the solutions of the wave equation of the second order, which follow from the Maxwell equations, are considered as the classical wave functions [itex]\vec {\varepsilon }\left({\vec {r},t} \right)[/itex] and [itex]\vec {H}\left( {\vec {r},t} \right)[/itex].

Representing the wave equation as multiplication of two equations for the advanced and retarded waves, we obtain two linear equations, which correspond to the wave vector [itex]\vec {f}_k [/itex] and is a certain generalization of vectors of EM field. The equation for this function is equivalent to the system of the Maxwell equations. For this reason it is possible to consider the Maxwell's equation as the equation of one photon (Gersten, 2001). The quantization of classical wave function is produced by means of the quantization of energy of this wave by the introduction of the relationship [itex]\varepsilon =\hbar \omega [/itex]. It turned out that in this case the function [itex]\vec {f}_k [/itex] could be interpreted as the quantum wave function of photon in the momentum space.

But with the attempt to introduce the function of photon in the coordinate representation was revealed the insurmountable difficulty According to the analysis of Landau and Peierls (Landau and Peierls, 1930), and later of Cook (Cook, 1982a; 1982b) and Inagaki (Inagaki, 1994), the wave function of photon by its nature is nonlocal (see also the review (Bialynicki-Birula, 1994)). .

Actually, after completing the inverse Fourier transformation of above function [itex]\vec {f}_k [/itex] we obtain:
[itex]\frac{1}{\left( {2\pi } \right)^3}\int {\vec {f}_k e^{i\vec {k}\vec {r}}d^3k=\vec {f}\left( {\vec {r},t} \right)} [/itex].

It seems that it is possible to determine [itex]\vec {f}\left( {\vec {r},t} \right)[/itex] as the wave function of photon in the coordinate representation. Actually, because of normalization condition for [itex]\vec {f}_k [/itex] the function [itex]\vec {f}\left( {\vec {r},t} \right)[/itex] will be also normalized by the usual method: [itex]\int {\left|{\vec {f}\left( {\vec {r},t} \right)} \right|} ^2d^3x=1[/itex]

However, the value [itex]\left| {f(\vec {r},t)} \right|^2[/itex] will not have the sense of the probability density distribution to find the photon at the given point of space. Actually, the presence of photon can be established only by its interaction with the charges.

This interaction is determined by the values of the EM field vectors [itex]\vec {{\rm E}}[/itex] and [itex]\vec {{\rm H}}[/itex] at the given point, but these fields are not determined by the value of the wave function [itex]\vec {f}\left( {\vec {r},t} \right)[/itex] at the same point, and they are defined by its values in entire space.

In fact, the component of the Fourier field vectors, expressed by[itex]f_k [/itex], contain the factor [itex]\sqrt k [/itex]. Formally this can be written down in the form
[itex]
\[\vec {\varepsilon }\left( {\vec {r},t} \right)=\sqrt[4]{-\Delta }\vec {f}\left( {\vec {r},t} \right)\]
[/itex]
where [itex]\Delta [/itex] is the Laplace operator. But [itex]\sqrt[4]{-\Delta }[/itex] is integral operator, and therefore the relationship between [itex]\vec {\varepsilon }\left( {\vec {r},t} \right)[/itex] and [itex]\vec {f}\left( {\vec {r},t} \right)[/itex] is not local, but integral. In other words, [itex]\vec {f}(\vec {r},t)[/itex] is not determined by field value [itex]\vec {{\rm E}}(\vec {r},t)[/itex] at the same point, but it depends on field distribution in a certain region, whose size is the order of wavelength.
This means that localization of photon in the smaller region is impossible and, therefore, the concept of the probability density distribution to find the photon at the fixed point of space does not have a sense.
This conclusion of theory is confirmed by experiment, since all measurements with the use of EM waves or photons (interference, diffraction and so forth) can be carried out to the region, not smaller as wavelength.
Thus, one of the fundamental particle of EM field (photon) can be described as one-dimensional relativistic string of one wavelength size, whose value corresponds to its energy according to the Planck formula.

Thus formally we can name a photon as open quantum electromagnetic (QEM) string

Now, what about a close strings?{/B]
 
  • #5
Sorry, I forgot the biblιography

Akhiezer, A.I. and Berestetskiy, V.B. (1965). Quantum electrodynamics.
Bialynicki-Birula, Iwo (1994) On the wave function of the photon. Acta physica polonica, 86, 97-116),
Cook, R.J. (1982a). Photon dynamics. A25, 2164
Cook, R.J. (1982b). Lorentz covariance of photon dynamics. A26, 2754
Frauenfelder, H. and Henley, E.M. (1974). Subatomic physics, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey,.
Gersten, A. (2001) Maxwell equation - the one-photon quantum equation. Found. of Phys., Vol.31, No. 8, August).
Inagaki, T. (1994). Quantum-mechanical approach to a free photon. Phys. Rev. A49, 2839.
Landau, L.D and Peierls, R. (1930). Quantenelekrtodynamik in konfigurationsraum. Zs. F. Phys., 62, 188.
 
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  • #6
agkyriak said:
I talk about the low-energy theory of strings, not about the Standard Model.

Well you did not gave any hint, so I answered from my own guess: QCD strings for the bosonic part, Standard Model for the fermionic part. This is motivated because physically we can classify the QCD strings into 6 charged +1, 6x3 coloured -1/3, 6x3 coloured +2/3, 13 neutral, plus the antiparticles of the first three groups, plus (3+3)x3 coloured \pm 4/3. On the other hand, the Standard Model fermions are 6 charged +1, 6x3 coloured -1/3, 6x3 coloured +2/3, 12 neutral, plus the antiparticles of the first three groups. So it makes sense to consider both as fermionic and bosonic counterparts of a superstring theory.

On other hand, what energy is low energy? 1 TeV as in the LHC? 1 GeV as QCD? Or 0.001 eV as neutrino mass? Note also that a pair of these scales determine a high scale, consider seesaws

(1 GeV)^2 / 0.001 eV = 10^21 eV = 10^12 GeV
(1 TeV)^2 / 0.001 eV= 10^27 eV = 10^18 GeV

and compare with Planck mass = 10^18-10^19 GeV or GUT or sGUT masses, around 10^15-10^16 GeV.

Thus formally we can name a photon as open quantum electromagnetic (QEM) string
It is an interesting idea, but does it really match with the ideas and formalism of string theory, or is it just using "string" as a name?
 
  • #7
arivero said:
So it makes sense to consider both as fermionic and bosonic counterparts of a superstring theory.

This is very correct conclusion.

It is an interesting idea, but does it really match with the ideas and formalism of string theory, or is it just using "string" as a name?

And this is very good question. I think that the answer to it you will be able to formulate themselves after we will obtain the equations of closed strings.
 
  • #8
Closed low-energy strings?

What we can say generally about QEM closed strings (QEM - particles) ?
Now we must show that the open QEM-string can form the closed strings with different number of loops, which would possesses the characteristics of known particles. Let us try to begin from the simplest closed strings, which correspond to one simplest loop - a ring.
But, first of all, let us answer the question, to which the theory of the strings does not give the answer: what reason does force a string to twirl into the loop?
It is not difficult to recall that the trajectory of the motion of electromagnetic wave can be bent in the strong field (for example, in the field of atomic nucleus, neutron star and the like) or in the medium with the variable refractive index. Thus, we have a base to assert that the open QEM-string also can change the trajectory of its motion within the strong electromagnetic field and move along the curvilinear trajectory, such as ring.

It is necessary to note here that apparently the “linear” Maxwell fields of open string will not be Maxwellian after the twirling. These will be some non-linear fields, described by some non-linear equations, which are not the fields and equations of classical theory.

There is also one additional question, which is very important for the verification of the assumed theory. A question is how from the nonlocal string with size of the order of Compton wavelength can arise local, i.e., point fundamental particles - leptons and quarks.

The theory of strings solves this problem, relying on its non-verifiability. It asserts that the point elementary particles in reality have a size of Planckian scale, but since we did not experimentally reach this accuracy, we cannot assert, that theory is incorrect.

In our case to use this trick it is impossibly, since Compton lengths is long time ago accessible for our experiments. At the same time among the theorists the steadfast persuasion exists that the fundamental particles - lepton and quarks – are pointness. This persuation is based on the theoretic arguments as well as on the correct experimental results. Leaving for the future the analysis of these questions, we confine here oneself to the following goal: if we want to prove the possibility of production of fundamental particles (leptons and quarks) from the QEM-strings, we must derive the elementary particle equations, which do not contain particle size.

In other words a question is to show that the equations of motion of the twirled QEM-strings are absolutely identical to the equations of elementary particles (as the Klein-Gordon, Dirac, Yang-Mills, Procá and other equations), which, as it is known, don’t contain the terms with the sizes of particles.

Try to show further that this possibility exists and don’t demands no trick.
 
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  • #9
Αn open string transformation into a closed string

So, let us suppose that under some conditions (e.g. strong EM field) a “linear” open QEM-string is able to twirl and move along the closed curvilinear trajectory. For short we will name this transformation as “twirl transfomation” or “ twirling”. Try to translate below this supposition on the mathematical language, beginning from the open string description.
 
  • #10
agkyriak said:
And this is very good question. I think that the answer to it you will be able to formulate themselves after we will obtain the equations of closed strings.

I hope you are not claimed we have already obtained the equations of open strings... I haven't see any action for a worlsheet in the above discussion. Did I missed it?

Also, I haven't see in your QED argument any energy scale explaining why do you call it "low energy"; the only scale in your argument is the wavelenght of the photon, there is not limit for it.
 
  • #11
Open QEM-string equation in the matrix form

Let us consider the plane electromagnetic (EM) wave moving, for example, on [tex]y[/tex]- axis. As is known the electric and magnetic fields can be written in the complex form as:
(eq1) [tex]
\left\{ {\begin{array}{l}
\vec {{\rm E}}=\vec {{\rm E}}_o e^{-i\left( {\omega t\pm ky} \right)}, \\
\vec {{\rm H}}=\vec {{\rm H}}_o e^{-i\left( {\omega t\pm ky} \right)}, \\
\end{array}} \right.
[/tex]

The electromagnetic wave of any direction has two plane polarizations and contains only four field vectors; for example, in the case of [tex]y[/tex]-direction we have:

(eq2) [tex]
\vec {\Phi }(y)=\left\{ {{\rm E}_x ,{\rm E}_z ,{\rm H}_x ,{\rm H}_z }
\right\},
[/tex]

and [tex]{\rm E}_y ={\rm H}_y =0[/tex] for all transformations.

The EM wave equation has the following view [6]:

(eq3) [tex]
\left( {\frac{\partial ^2}{\partial t^2}-c^2\vec {\nabla }^2} \right) \vec
{\Phi }(y)=0,
[/tex]

where [tex]\vec {\Phi }(y)[/tex] is any of the above electromagnetic wave fields (eq2).
In other words this equation represents four equations: one for each wave function of the electromagnetic field.
We can also write this equation in the following operator form:

(eq4) [tex]
\left( {\hat {\varepsilon }^2-c^2\hat {\vec {p}}^2} \right)\Phi (y)=0,
[/tex]

where [tex]\hat {\varepsilon }=i\hbar \frac{\partial }{\partial t}, \quad \hat {\vec
{p}}=-i\hbar \vec {\nabla }[/tex] are the operators of the energy and momentum correspondingly and [tex]\Phi [/tex] is some matrix, which consists four components of [tex]\vec {\Phi }(y)[/tex].
Taking into account that

[tex]\left( {\hat {\alpha }_o \hat {\varepsilon }}\right)^2=\hat {\varepsilon }^2, \quad \left( {\hat {\vec {\alpha }}\hat {\vec {p}}} \right)^2=\hat {\vec {p}}^2[/tex],

where [7,8] [tex]\hat {\alpha }_0 ; \quad \hat {\vec {\alpha }}; \quad\hat {\beta }\equiv \hat {\alpha }_4 [/tex] are Dirac's matrices and [tex]\hat {\sigma}_0 [/tex],[tex]\hat {\vec {\sigma }}[/tex] are Pauli matrices, the equation (eq4) can also be represented in the matrix form of the Klein-Gordon-like equation without mass:

(eq5) [tex]
\left[ {\left( {\hat {\alpha }_o \hat {\varepsilon }} \right)^2-c^2\left(
{\hat {\vec {\alpha }}\hat {\vec {p}}} \right)^2} \right]\Phi =0
[/tex]

Taking into account that in case of photon [tex]\omega =\frac{\varepsilon }{\hbar }[/tex] and [tex]k=\frac{p}{\hbar }[/tex], from (eq5), using (eq1), we obtain [tex]\varepsilon =cp[/tex], as for a photon. Therefore we can consider [tex]\Phi [/tex] as wave function of the equation (eq5}) both as EM wave and as a photon.

Factorizing (eq5) and multiplying it from left on the Hermitian-conjugate function [tex]\Phi ^+[/tex] we get:

(eq6) [tex]
\Phi ^+\left( {\hat {\alpha }_o \hat {\varepsilon }-c\hat {\vec {\alpha
}}\hat {\vec {p}}} \right) \left( {\hat {\alpha }_o \hat {\varepsilon
}+c\hat {\vec {\alpha }}\hat {\vec {p}}} \right)\Phi =0,
[/tex]

The equation (eq6) may be disintegrated on two Dirac equations without mass:

(eq7) [tex]
{\begin{array}{*{20}c}
{\Phi ^+\left( {\hat {\alpha }_o \hat {\varepsilon }-c\hat {\vec {\alpha
}}\hat {\vec {p}}} \right)=0,} \hfill \\
{\left( {\hat {\alpha }_o \hat {\varepsilon }+c\hat {\vec {\alpha }}\hat
{\vec {p}}} \right)\Phi =0,} \hfill \\
\end{array} }
[/tex]

each of which we will further conditionally name the linear semi-photon equations.

It is not difficult to show that only in the case when we choose the [tex]\Phi [/tex]-matrix in the following form:

(eq8) [tex]
\Phi =\left( {{\begin{array}{*{20}c}
{{\rm E}_x } \hfill \\
{{\rm E}_z } \hfill \\
{i{\rm H}_x } \hfill \\
{i{\rm H}_z } \hfill \\
\end{array} }} \right),
\quad
\Phi ^+=\left( {{\begin{array}{*{20}c}
{{\rm E}_x } \hfill & {{\rm E}_z } \hfill & {-i{\rm H}_x } \hfill & {-i{\rm
H}_z } \hfill \\
\end{array} }} \right),
[/tex]

the (eq7) are the right Maxwell equations of the electromagnetic waves: retarded and advanced. Actually using (eq8) and putting in (eq7) we obtain:

(eq9) [tex]
{\begin{array}{*{20}c}
{\left\{ {\begin{array}{l}
\frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial {\rm E}_x }{\partial t}-\frac{\partial {\rm H}_z
}{\partial y}=0 \\
\frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial {\rm H}_z }{\partial t}-\frac{\partial {\rm E}_x
}{\partial y}=0 \\
\frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial {\rm E}_z }{\partial t}+\frac{\partial {\rm H}_x
}{\partial y}=0 \\
\frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial {\rm H}_x }{\partial t}+\frac{\partial {\rm E}_z
}{\partial y}=0 \\
\end{array}} \right.,} \hfill & {\left\{ {\begin{array}{l}
\frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial {\rm E}_x }{\partial t}+\frac{\partial {\rm H}_z
}{\partial y}=0 \\
\frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial {\rm H}_z }{\partial t}+\frac{\partial {\rm E}_x
}{\partial y}=0 \\
\frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial {\rm E}_z }{\partial t}-\frac{\partial {\rm H}_x
}{\partial y}=0 \\
\frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial {\rm H}_x }{\partial t}-\frac{\partial {\rm E}_z
}{\partial y}=0 \\
\end{array}} \right.} \hfill \\
\end{array} },
[/tex]

(for waves of any other direction the same results can be obtained by the cyclic transposition of the indexes and by the canonical transformation of matrices and wave functions [9].
 
  • #12
arivero said:
I hope you are not claimed we have already obtained the equations of open strings... I haven't see any action for a worlsheet in the above discussion. Did I missed it?

No, you missed nothing

But, as it is known, in the simplest case the action for the string theory can be reduced to action for the classical relativistic wave equation. Compare, e.g., Polyakov’s action for the boson string and action for the wave motion.

Our purpose is to find the dynamic equations of motion of fields (particles). Characteristic functions for the relativistic wave equation (Lagrangian, Hamiltonian, action) are familiar. There is no sense to begin from them, when it is possible to begin from the dynamic equations. Above we obtained them as equations of QFT.

Now we can consider the twirl transformation.
 
  • #13
About the twirl transformation of fields

The transformation of the “linear” QEM-string to the curvilinear, briefly -- ``twirl transformation'') can be conditionally represented as following expression:

(eq10) [tex]
\hat {R}\Phi \to \Psi ,
[/tex]

where [tex]\hat {R}[/tex] is the operator of some transformation of QEM-string from linear to curvilinear trajectory, the [tex]\Phi [/tex] is the open QEM-string wave function, defined by matrix (eq8), which satisfies the linear equations (eq5) and (eq7), and [tex]\Psi [/tex] is a closed QEM-string wave function, namely:

(eq11) [tex]
\Psi ^=\left( {{\begin{array}{*{20}c}
{{\rm E}'_x } \hfill \\ {{\rm E}'_z } \hfill \\ {i{\rm H}'_x }
\hfill \\ {i{\rm H}'_z } \hfill \\\end{array} }} \right),
[/tex]

which appears after non-linear transformation, where [tex]\left( {{\begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm E}'_x } \hfill & {{\rm E}'_z } \hfill & {-i{\rm H}'_x } \hfill & {-i{\rm H}'_z } \hfill \\\end{array} }} \right)[/tex] are electromagnetic fields after twirl transformation. Note that this is not the linear Maxwelian quantized EM field, but some new non-linear EM quantized field, which doesn’t exists in classical physics.
Note that mathematically this transformation is equivalent to the vector transition from flat space to the curvilinear space, which is described by Riemann geometry [10]. As it is known, the description of vector transition from linear to curvilinear trajectory is also fully described by usual differential geometry.
Try also to understand the link of twirl transformation with known transformations of modern physics.
 
  • #14
The twirl transformation description in Rieman geometry

We can consider the equations (7) as Dirac's equation without mass and simultaneously as the vector equation (9) of electromagnetic wave fields. In the usual form this equation has the following view: [tex]\left( {\hat {\alpha }_o \frac{\partial }{\partial _ t}-c\hat {\vec {\alpha }}\vec {\nabla }} \right)_ \Phi =0[/tex], and in 4-vector form: [tex]\hat {\alpha }_\mu \partial _\mu
\Phi =0[/tex], where [tex]\hat {\alpha }_\mu =\left\{ {\hat {\alpha }_0 ,\hat {\vec {\alpha }}} \right\}[/tex], [tex]\partial _\mu \equiv \partial /\partial _ x_\mu [/tex]
(here [tex]\mu =0, 1, 2, 3[/tex] are summation indexes, [tex]x_\mu [/tex] are the coordinates of 4-space).

The generalization of this equation on the curvilinear (Riemann) geometry is connected with the parallel transport of the vector in the curvilinear space
(Fock, 1929a,b; Van der Waerden, 1929; Goenner, 2004). It was shown that for this generalization it is enough to replace the usual derivative [tex]\partial _\mu \equiv \partial /\partial _ x_\mu [/tex] with the covariant derivative: [tex]D_\mu =\partial _\mu +\Gamma _\mu [/tex], where [tex]\Gamma _\mu [/tex] is the analogue of Christoffel's symbols in the case of the plane motion, called Ricci symbols (or Ricci connection coefficients).

When a vector transports along the straight line, all the symbols [tex]\Gamma _\mu =0[/tex], and we have a usual derivative. But if a vector moves along the curvilinear trajectory, not all [tex]\Gamma _\mu [/tex] are equal to zero and a supplementary term appears.

Typically, the last one is not the derivative, but it is equal to the product of the vector itself with some coefficient [tex]\Gamma _\mu [/tex], which is an increment. In the theory it shown that [tex]\hat {\alpha }_\mu \Gamma _\mu =\hat {\alpha }_0 p_0 +\hat {\alpha }_i p_i [/tex], where [tex]\left\{ {p_0 ,p_i } \right\}[/tex] are the real values with dimension of the 4-vector energy-momentum. Therefore, it is logical to identify [tex]\Gamma _\mu _{
}[/tex] with 4-vector of energy-momentum of the QEM-string fields: [tex]\hat {\alpha }_\mu \Gamma _\mu =\hat {\alpha }_0 \varepsilon _p +\vec {\hat {\alpha }}_ \vec {p}_p [/tex], where [tex]\varepsilon _p [/tex] and [tex]p_p [/tex] is the QEM-string energy and momentum (not the operators).

Taking into account that according to energy conservation law [tex]\hat {\alpha }_0 \varepsilon _p +\vec {\hat {\alpha }} \vec {p}_p =\pm \hat {\beta }
m_p c^2[/tex], it is not difficult to see that the supplementary term contains a closed QEM-string mass.
 
  • #15
agkyriak said:
But, as it is known, in the simplest case the action for the string theory can be reduced to action for the classical relativistic wave equation
It is not known by me. Would you like to stop your equation dumping and illustrate this point? Also, if it happenst in the simplest case, can I assume you are speaking of the simplest case here?

I still believe you are using string theory as a name, not as a theory.
 
  • #16
arivero said:
It is not known by me. Would you like to stop your equation dumping and illustrate this point? Also, if it happenst in the simplest case, can I assume you are speaking of the simplest case here?

I will attempt briefly (without details) to explain what I mean.
First of all, general remarks: as it is known, elementary particles are also waves and all equations of QFT (i.e. of Standard Model) are wave equations. This cannot be abolished by any new theory, since SM is very well checked experimentally.
This fact alone indicates that the theory of strings, if it is intend for describing of elementary particles, must reduce to the wave equations, or, in other words, must have Lagrangian and actions of the wave equations.

Now more concrete about equations, Lagrangians and actions:

In the simplest case of real, relativistic-invariant field with one component, the equation of motion is written as:
[tex]
\frac{1}{c^2}\mathop \psi \limits^{\ast \ast } +\Delta \psi =0
[/tex]
The following Lorentz-invariant Lagrangian corresponds to it:
[tex]
\bar {L}=-\frac{1}{2}c^2\sum\limits_\nu {\frac{\partial \psi }{\partial
x_\nu }} \frac{\partial \psi }{\partial x_\nu }\equiv
-\frac{1}{2}c^2\partial _\nu \psi \partial ^\nu \psi
[/tex]
and also the action:
[tex]
I=-\frac{1}{2}c^2\int\limits_t {dt} \int\limits_V {\partial _\nu \psi
\partial ^\nu \psi _ dx}
[/tex]
Now, what we do have in the theory of strings? First of all let us, note that here is examined the ormalism of multidimensional curvilinear space and therefore the theory formulas are complicated due to different of factors and coefficients (Christoffel etc).

As initial Lagrangian the relativistic Lagrangian of point particle motion is used here. As generalization of the last we obtain the Nambu-Goto action:
[tex]
S(x)=-\frac{1}{2}T\int {d\sigma } \int {d\tau _ } \sqrt {\dot
{x}^2x^{'2}-(\dot {x}\cdot x^')^2}
[/tex]
The square root in the Nambu-Goto action make the quantum treatment complicated. So we introduce an equivalent (by Polakov) action, which does not have the square root:
[tex]
S(x,\gamma )=-\frac{1}{2}T\int {d\sigma } \int d \tau \sqrt {-\gamma }
\gamma ^{ab}\partial _a x^\mu \partial _b x^\nu \eta _{\mu \nu }
[/tex]
To pass to the real elementary particles in the framework of SM we must consider the functions [tex]x^\mu[/tex] as wave functions (taking into account the vibration of strings, etc). In this case we see that this action is similar to above action of the wave equations.


I still believe you are using string theory as a name, not as a theory.


As you know, any theory can be written down and formulated by many different methods (for example, in the classical mechanics it is possible to use the approach of Newton, Lagrange, Jacobi, Hamilton, etc. In quantum mechanics it is possible to use the matrix mechanics of Heisenberg, wave mechanics of Schroedinger, integrals along the paths of Feynman, etc)

Furthermore, same equations can be written down in the form of the expressions of the different level of abstraction (about this see, e.g. the Feynman Nobel lecture).

For example, the equations of electrodynamics can be written down in the form of eight scalar equations, in the form of four vector equation, in the form of two tensor equations, and also in the form of the quaternion and octanion equations (and maybe, in other forms). Furthermore it is possible to write down them in 11 different orthogonal systems, and also in the curvilinear space of many dimensions, etc

But all these approaches (as Feynman remarked in his lectures, volume “Electrodynamics”) give the same results.

Moreover, in order to calculate something in the electrodynamics, it is necessary to turn to eight scalar equations. In other words, all methods of description, enumerated above, are actually useless.

Now I will answer your remark (“I still believe you are using string theory as a name, not as a theory”):
it is possible to say that the method to set out the theory of Standard Model by means of the strings is one of the methods of describing of this theory. In other words: this is the string interpretation of SM.

But in my approach another is important: it occurs that we can explain many things, which in the abstract theories make only mathematical sense (for example, in this interpretation the strings have compound field structure; they can be twirled, broken in two other strings, superposed one on another; and many others.)

Maybe, namely this is the only destination of string theory, and all the other is only the formal abstract construction? I don’t know.
 
  • #17
Consider now

The twirl transformation description in differential geometry

Let the plane-polarized wave, which has the field vectors [tex](E_x ,H_z )[/tex], be twirled with some radius [tex]r_p [/tex] in the plane [tex](X',O',Y')[/tex] of a fixed co-ordinate system [tex](X',Y',Z',O')[/tex] so that [tex]E_x [/tex] is parallel to the plane [tex](X',O',Y')[/tex] and [tex]H_z[/tex] is perpendicular to it (fig 1).

According to Maxwell [6] the displacement current in the equation (eq9) is defined by the equation:

(eq12) [tex]
j_{dis} =\frac{1}{4\pi }\frac{\partial \vec {E}}{\partial t},
[/tex]

The above electrical field vector [tex]\vec {E}[/tex], which moves along the curvilinear trajectory (let it have direction from the center), can be written in the form:

(eq13) [tex]
\vec {E}=-E\cdot \vec {n},
[/tex]

where [tex]E=\left| {\vec {E}} \right|[/tex], and [tex]\vec {n}[/tex] is the normal unit-vector of the curve (having direction to the center). The derivative of [tex]\vec {E}[/tex] can be represented as:

(eq14) [tex]
\frac{\partial \vec {E}}{\partial t}=-\frac{\partial E}{\partial
t}\vec {n}-E\frac{\partial \vec {n}}{\partial t},
[/tex]

Here the first term has the same direction as [tex]\vec {E}[/tex]. The existence of the second term shows that the additional displacement current appears at the twirling of the wave. It is not difficult to show that it has direction, tangential to the ring:

(eq15) [tex]
\frac{\partial \vec {n}}{\partial t}=-\upsilon _p \kappa \vec {\tau },
[/tex]

where [tex]\vec {\tau }[/tex] is the tangential unit-vector, [tex]\upsilon _p \equiv c[/tex] is the electromagnetic wave velocity, [tex]\kappa =\frac{1}{r_p }[/tex] is the curvature of the trajectory and [tex]r_p [/tex] is some curvature radius. Thus, the displacement current of the plane wave, moving along the ring, can be written in the form:

(eq16) [tex]
\vec {j}_{dis} =-\frac{1}{4\pi }\frac{\partial E}{\partial t}\vec
{n}+\frac{1}{4\pi }\omega _p E\cdot \vec {\tau },
[/tex]

where [tex]\omega _p =\frac{m_p c^2}{\hbar }=\frac{\upsilon _p }{r_p }\equiv c\kappa [/tex] we name the curvature angular velocity, [tex]\varepsilon _p =m_p c^2[/tex] is photon energy, [tex]m_p [/tex] is some mass, corresponding to the energy [tex]\varepsilon _p [/tex], [tex]\vec {j}_n =\frac{1}{4\pi }\frac{\partial E}{\partial t}\vec {n}[/tex] and [tex]\vec {j}_\tau =\frac{\omega _p }{4\pi }E\cdot \vec {\tau }[/tex] are the normal and tangent components of the current of the twirled electromagnetic wave, correspondingly. Thus:

(eq17) [tex]
\vec {j}_{dis} =\vec {j}_n +\vec {j}_\tau ,
[/tex]

The currents [tex]\vec {j}_n [/tex] and [tex]\vec {j}_\tau [/tex] are always mutually perpendicular, so that we can write them in the complex form:

(eq18) [tex]
j_{dis} =j_n +ij_\tau ,
[/tex]

where [tex]j_\tau =\frac{\omega _p }{4\pi }E[/tex]. Thus the tangent current appearance cause the appearance of imaginary unit in QM theory. From the above we can also assume that the appearance of imaginary unit in the quantum mechanics is tied with the tangent current appearance.
 
  • #18
agkyriak said:
I will attempt briefly (without details) to explain what I mean.
First of all, general remarks: as it is known, elementary particles are also waves and all equations of QFT (i.e. of Standard Model) are wave equations. This cannot be abolished by any new theory, since SM is very well checked experimentally.
This fact alone indicates that the theory of strings, if it is intend for describing of elementary particles, must reduce to the wave equations, or, in other words, must have Lagrangian and actions of the wave equations.

Now more concrete about equations, Lagrangians and actions:

In the simplest case of real, relativistic-invariant field with one component, the equation of motion is written as:
[tex]
\frac{1}{c^2}\mathop \psi \limits^{\ast \ast } +\Delta \psi =0
[/tex]
The following Lorentz-invariant Lagrangian corresponds to it:
[tex]
\bar {L}=-\frac{1}{2}c^2\sum\limits_\nu {\frac{\partial \psi }{\partial
x_\nu }} \frac{\partial \psi }{\partial x_\nu }\equiv
-\frac{1}{2}c^2\partial _\nu \psi \partial ^\nu \psi
[/tex]
and also the action:
[tex]
I=-\frac{1}{2}c^2\int\limits_t {dt} \int\limits_V {\partial _\nu \psi
\partial ^\nu \psi _ dx}
[/tex]
Now, what we do have in the theory of strings? First of all let us, note that here is examined the ormalism of multidimensional curvilinear space and therefore the theory formulas are complicated due to different of factors and coefficients (Christoffel etc).

As initial Lagrangian the relativistic Lagrangian of point particle motion is used here. As generalization of the last we obtain the Nambu-Goto action:
[tex]
S(x)=-\frac{1}{2}T\int {d\sigma } \int {d\tau _ } \sqrt {\dot
{x}^2x^{'2}-(\dot {x}\cdot x^')^2}
[/tex]
The square root in the Nambu-Goto action make the quantum treatment complicated. So we introduce an equivalent (by Polakov) action, which does not have the square root:
[tex]
S(x,\gamma )=-\frac{1}{2}T\int {d\sigma } \int d \tau \sqrt {-\gamma }
\gamma ^{ab}\partial _a x^\mu \partial _b x^\nu \eta _{\mu \nu }
[/tex]
To pass to the real elementary particles in the framework of SM we must consider the functions [tex]x^\mu[/tex] as wave functions (taking into account the vibration of strings, etc). In this case we see that this action is similar to above action of the wave equations.
.

Justo to clarify: what we all see here is that the action in string theory is similar to the action of wave equations in 1+1 dimensions. Ok, if this is deep or it is not, now the rest of the readers can consider by themselves.

Really I am sorry, because the title of this thread was more promising.
 
  • #19
arivero said:
what we all see here is that the action in string theory is similar to the action of wave equations in 1+1 dimensions.

Not only. We see here that the strings are not abstract mathematical objects, but physical field elements of nature.


Really I am sorry, because the title of this thread was more promising.

I hope that the thread gives further more than title promises.
 
  • #20
Physical sense of twirl transformation

Let’s now revert to the question, what is the transformation, which we produced. In QFT and GTR [11] this transformation is known as the transformation of the field, which generates the compensate fields. It was shown also, that this transformation is equivalent to the gauge transformation, which generates the gauge fields. It is also known [11] that gauge transformations are the transformations of the internal symmetry of particles, as it is also has place in our case .
In other words, the Ricci coefficients (or in the general case of the 3-D curvilinear motion, Christoffel's coefficients) are the compensating fields or gauge fields in the QFT. This is not difficult to show, if we write down energy and momentum of the intrinsic field of the closed string through the 4-potentials [tex]\hat {\alpha }_\mu \Gamma _\mu =\hat {\alpha }_0 \varepsilon _p +\vec {\hat {\alpha }}\vec {p}_p =\alpha _\mu A^\mu [/tex], where[tex]A_\mu [/tex] is 4-potential of EM field, which is in the QFT the gauge fields.
It is not of difficult to see also that the tangent current [tex]j_\tau [/tex] corresponds to the Ricci connection coefficients (symbols) [tex]\Gamma _\mu [/tex]
Thus, the transformations of the internal rotation of QEM-strings are mathematically identical to gauge transformations. In this connection let us remind that the Pauli matrices as well as the photon matrices (the generators of SU(2) and SU(3) groups) are the space rotation operators - in 2D and 3D space correspondingly [11].

Thus, further we must show how due to twirling the open massless boson string is transformed in the closed massive boson string .
 
Last edited:
  • #21
The closed QEM-string equation

As it is follows from previous sections due to the curvilinear motion of the electromagnetic wave, some additional terms [tex]K[/tex], corresponding to the tangent components of the displacement current, will appear in the equation (eq6), so that from (eq6) we have:

(eq19) [tex]
\left( {\hat {\alpha }_o \hat {\varepsilon }-c\hat {\vec {\alpha }}\cdot
\hat {\vec {p}}-K} \right) \left( {\hat {\alpha }_o \hat {\varepsilon
}+c\hat {\vec {\alpha }}\cdot \hat {\vec {p}}+K} \right) \Psi =0,
[/tex]

where [tex]K=\hat {\beta } m_p c^2[/tex].
Thus, in the case of the curvilinear motion of the electromagnetic field (photon) instead of the equation (eq6) we obtain the Klein-Gordon-like equation with mass [7]:
(eq20) [tex]
\left( {\hat {\varepsilon }^2-c^2\hat {\vec {p}}^2-m_p^2 c^4} \right) \Psi
=0,
[/tex]
As we see the [tex]\Psi [/tex]-function, which appears after electromagnetic wave twirling, and satisfies the equation (eq20), is not identical to the [tex]\Phi [/tex]-function before twirling, which is the classical linear electromagnetic wave field and satisfies the equation (eq7).
As it is known [7,8] in quantum physics the Klein-Gordon equation is considered as the scalar field equation. But obviously\textit{ the Klein-Gordon-like equation}(eq20), whose wave function is [tex]4\times 1[/tex]- matrix with electromagnetic field components, cannot have the sense of the scalar field equation.
Actually, let us analyze the objects, which this equation describes.
From the Maxwell equations follows, that each of the components [tex]{\rm E}_x ,{\rm E}_z ,{\rm H}_x ,{\rm H}_z [/tex]of vectors of an electromagnetic field [tex]\vec {{\rm E}},\vec {{\rm H}}[/tex] submits to the same form of the scalar wave equations. In the case of the linear waves all field components are independent. By study of one of the [tex]\vec {{\rm E}},\vec {{\rm H}}[/tex] vector's components only, we can consider the vector field as scalar. But in case of twirl transformation, i.e. in the framework QEM- string theory, when a tangential current appears, we cannot proceed to the scalar theory, since the components of a vector [tex]\vec {E}[/tex], as it follows from the condition [tex]\vec {\nabla }\cdot \vec {E}=\frac{4\pi }{c}\vec {c}^0\cdot \vec {j}[/tex], are not independent functions (here [tex]\vec {c}^o[/tex] is the unit vector of wave velocity).

Therefore, in contrast to the Klein - Gordon equation for scalar wave function which describes a massive particle with spin zero (spinless boson), the like equations (20) concerning electromagnetic wave functions (11), which appears after curvilinear transformation, represents the equation of the vector particle with rest mass [tex]m_p [/tex] and with unit spin.

As it is known the interaction of strings is introduced very simply. Either two strings can be connected by ends, forming new string, or string can be divided into two other strings. Further we will consider the particles, which appear in the last case.
 
Last edited:
  • #22
The equation of closed QEM-semi-string

The equation (19) or (20) may be disintegrated on two Dirac-like equations with mass:
(eq21) [tex]
{\begin{array}{*{20}c} {\left[ {\left( {\hat {\alpha }_o \hat
{\varepsilon }+c\hat {\vec {\alpha }}\hat {\vec {p}}} \right)+\hat {\beta }m_p c^2}
\right]\psi =0,} \hfill \\ {\psi ^+\left[ {\left( {\hat {\alpha }_o \hat
{\varepsilon }-c\hat {\vec {\alpha }}\hat {\vec {p}}} \right)-\hat
{\beta }m_p c^2} \right]=0,} \hfill \\\end{array} }
[/tex]

which we will be name further the twirled semi-photon equations, where [tex]\psi =\left\{ {E_x ,E_z ,H_x ,H_z } \right\}[/tex] is Dirac EM wave function. We can conditionally name the above transition from (eq20) to (eq21}), ``breaking transformation''.

Now we will analyse the particularities of the Dirac-like equations (eq21).
Note that instead of electron mass [tex]m_e [/tex], equations (eq21) contain the twirled photon mass [tex]m_p [/tex]. The question arises what type of EM particles the equations (eq21) describe?

In the case of electron-positron pair production it must be [tex]m_p =2m_e [/tex] so that from (eq21) we have:

(eq22) [tex]
{\begin{array}{*{20}c}
{\left[ {\left( {\hat {\alpha }_o \hat {\varepsilon }+c\hat {\vec {\alpha
}}\hat {\vec {p}}} \right)+2\hat {\beta }m_e c^2} \right]\psi =0,} \hfill \\
{\psi ^+\left[ {\left( {\hat {\alpha }_o \hat {\varepsilon }-c\hat {\vec
{\alpha }}\hat {\vec {p}}} \right)-2\hat {\beta }m_e c^2} \right]=0,} \hfill
\\
\end{array} },
[/tex]

Obviously after the twirled photon breaking, i.e. after the chargeless twirled photon is divided into two charged semi-photon, the plus and minus charged particles acquire the electric fields, and each particle begins to move in the field of another. In order to become independent (i.e. free), they must be drawn away the one from the other.

Therefore, the equations, which arise after the twirled photon equation division, cannot be the free electron-like and positron-like particle equations, but the electron-like and positron-like particle equations with the external field.

Then during the QEM (+) and (-) particles’ remotion from one another, the energy for the electric field creation must be expended. In fact, being the particles combined, the system doesn't have any field. At very small distance they create the dipole field. And at a distance, much more than the particle radius, the electron and positron acquire the full electric fields. As it is known [6], the potential [tex]V_P [/tex] of two point plus and minus charges in the point [tex]P [/tex]is defined as:

(eq23) [tex]
V_P =\frac{e}{4\pi }\left( {\frac{1}{r}-\frac{1}{r+d\cos \theta }} \right),
[/tex]

where [tex]\pm e[/tex] is the dipole charges, [tex]d[/tex] is the distance between the charges, and [tex]\theta [/tex] is the angle between axes and radius-vector of plus particle. For [tex]d=0[/tex] we have [tex]V_p =0.[/tex] For [tex]d\to \infty [/tex] we obtain the limit case of Coulomb potential for each free particles:

(eq24) [tex]
\mathop {\lim }\limits_{d\to \infty } V_P =\frac{1}{4\pi }\frac{e}{r},
[/tex]

During the breaking process the particle charges appear. For the particle, removed to infinity, the work against the attractive forces needed to be fulfilled:

(eq25) [tex]
\varepsilon _{rel} =\oint {eV_P d\upsilon } =\frac{1}{4\pi }\oint
{\frac{e^2}{r}} d\upsilon ,
[/tex]

Obviously, the external particles field defines this work, so that the release energy is the field production energy and in the same time it is the annihilation energy. Therefore, due to energy conservation law the energy value for each particle must be equal [tex]\varepsilon _{rel} =m_e c^2[/tex].

Thus, the equations (eq21) we can write as electron-like equations with external field in the form:

(eq26) [tex]
{\begin{array}{*{20}c}
{\left[ {\left( {\hat {\alpha }_0 \hat {\varepsilon }+c\hat {\vec {\alpha
}}\hat {\vec {p}}} \right)+\hat {\beta }m_e c^2+\hat {\beta }m_e c^2}
\right]\psi =0,} \hfill \\
{\psi ^+\left[ {\left( {\hat {\alpha }_o \hat {\varepsilon }-c\hat {\vec
{\alpha }}\hat {\vec {p}}} \right)-\hat {\beta }m_e c^2-\hat {\beta }m_e
c^2} \right]=0,} \hfill \\
\end{array} }
[/tex]

Using the linear equation of the energy conservation, we can write:

(eq27) [tex]
\pm \hat {\beta }m_e c^2=-\varepsilon _{ex} -c\hat {\vec {\alpha }}\vec
{p}_{ex} =-e\varphi _{ex} -e\hat {\vec {\alpha }}\vec {A}_{ex} ,
[/tex]

where [tex]\textit{ex}[/tex] means ``external''. Putting (eq27}) in (eq26) we obtain the Dirac equation with external field:

(eq28) [tex]
\left[ {\hat {\alpha }_0 \left( {\hat {\varepsilon }\mp \varepsilon _{ex} }
\right)+c\hat {\vec {\alpha }}\cdot \left( {\hat {\vec {p}}\mp \vec {p}_{ex}
} \right)+\hat {\beta }m_e c^2} \right] \psi =0,
[/tex]

which at [tex]d\to \infty [/tex] give the Dirac free electron-positron-like particle equations:

(eq29) [tex]
{\begin{array}{*{20}c}
{\left[ {\left( {\hat {\alpha }_o \hat {\varepsilon }+c\hat {\vec {\alpha
}}\hat {\vec {p}}} \right)+\hat {\beta }m_e c^2} \right]\psi =0,} \hfill \\
{\psi ^+\left[ {\left( {\hat {\alpha }_o \hat {\varepsilon }-c\hat {\vec
{\alpha }}\hat {\vec {p}}} \right)-\hat {\beta }m_e c^2} \right]=0,} \hfill
\\
\end{array} }
[/tex]
 
  • #23
From above follows some interesting consequences

The breaking of the twirled QEM-string makes it possible to outline the solution of the some known theoretical problems:

1. It is not difficult to understand that the above twirling and breaking process of QEM string corresponds to the electron-positron [tex]e^-,e^+[/tex] pair production process from electromagnetic quantum [tex]\gamma [/tex] in the presence of strong EM nuclear field [tex]Ze[/tex]:
[tex]
\gamma +Ze\to e^++e^-+Ze,
[/tex]
(see also the Feynman diagram, fig.2 )

In other words we see here the transformation of closed boson string into two fermion-strings. What difference among the photon and electron-positron exists? Since both electron and positron have the equal masses, spins and equal, but opposite charges, only conclusion is that electron and positron are the closed QEM- semi-periods of one closed QEM-photon string.
Answering a question about the reasons for a difference in the fermions from the bosons, R. Feynman wrote in his lectures (volum 8-9): “This, apparently, one of a few places in physics, when rule is formulated very simply, although so simple explanation is not found… Apparently, this means that we do not understand fully the lying at its basis principle. We will consider it as one of the laws of the Universe”. Maybe, we now know this difference.
2. In framework of QEM-string theory for free term of Dirac equation take place expression:
(eq30) [tex]
\pm \hat {\beta }m_e c^2=-\varepsilon _{in} -c\hat {\vec {\alpha }}\vec
{p}_{in} =-e\varphi _{in} -e\hat {\vec {\alpha }}\vec {A}_{in} ,
[/tex]
where [tex]\textit{in}[/tex] means ``internal''. In other words the values [tex](\varepsilon _{in} ,\vec {p}_{in} )[/tex] describe the inner field, and the values [tex](\varepsilon _{ex} ,\vec {p}_{ex} )[/tex] the external field of electron-like particle. When we consider the electron-like particle from great distance, the field [tex](\varepsilon _{in} ,\vec {p}_{in} )[/tex] works as the mass, and the term [tex](\varepsilon _{ex} ,\vec {p}_{ex} )[/tex] describes the external electromagnetic field (and we have linear Dirac equations). Inside the electron-like particle the term [tex](\varepsilon _{in} ,\vec {p}_{in} )[/tex] is needed for the detailed description of the inner field of an electron and carry to non-linear Dirac equations, as it is shown in [10].
Using (eq11) we obtain electromagnetic form of the equations (eq29):

(eq31) [tex]
{\begin{array}{*{20}c}
{\left\{ {\begin{array}{l}
\frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial E_x }{\partial t}-\frac{\partial H_z }{\partial
y}=-ij_x^e \\
\frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial H_z }{\partial t}-\frac{\partial E_x }{\partial
y}=ij_z^m \\
\frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial E_z }{\partial t}+\frac{\partial H_x }{\partial
y}=-ij_z^e \\
\frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial H_x }{\partial t}+\frac{\partial E_z }{\partial
y}=ij_x^m \\
\end{array}} \right.,} \hfill & {\left\{ {\begin{array}{l}
\frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial E_x }{\partial t}+\frac{\partial H_z }{\partial
y}=-ij_x^e \\
\frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial H_z }{\partial t}+\frac{\partial E_x }{\partial
y}=ij_z^m \\
\frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial E_z }{\partial t}-\frac{\partial H_x }{\partial
y}=-ij_z^e \\
\frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial H_x }{\partial t}-\frac{\partial E_z }{\partial
y}=ij_x^m \\
\end{array}} \right.,} \hfill \\
\end{array} }
[/tex]
where
[tex]
\label{eq32}
{\begin{array}{*{20}c}
{j^e=i\frac{\omega }{4\pi }E=i\frac{c}{4\pi }\frac{1}{r_C }E,} \hfill \\
{j^m=i\frac{\omega }{4\pi }H=i\frac{c}{4\pi }\frac{1}{r_C }H,} \hfill \\
\end{array} }
[/tex]
are the imaginary currents, in which [tex]\omega =\frac{mc^2}{\hbar }[/tex] and [tex]r_C =\frac{\hbar }{mc}[/tex] is the Compton wavelength of the electron-like particle.
As we see the equations (eq31) are Maxwell-like equations with imaginary electric and magnetic currents and simultaneously they are the Dirac equation of QEM-particle with non-zero mass and charge, and half spin. As it is known the existence of the magnetic current [tex]\vec {j}^m[/tex] doesn't contradict to the quantum theory (see the Dirac theory of the magnetic monopole [12]. In our case of the plane polarized wave the magnetic currents are equal to zero.
3. The difference between positive and negative charges: in QEM-string theory this difference follows from the difference of the field and tangent current direction of the twirled QEM-semi-strings after pair production (by condition that the Pauli - principle is true).
4. Zitterbewegung. The results obtained by E. Schroedinger in his well-known articles about the relativistic electron [8] show that electron has a special inner motion "Zitterbewegung", which has frequency [tex]\omega _Z =\frac{2m_e c^2}{\hbar }[/tex], amplitude [tex]r_Z =\frac{\hbar }{2m_e c}[/tex], and velocity of light [tex]\upsilon =c[/tex].
The attempts to explain this motion had not given results. But for the EM electron-like particle as the twirled semi-photon we receive the simple explanation of Schroedinger's analysis.
5. Infinite problems: in the string theory the charge and mass infinite problems don't exist.
6. The electric charge appearance: is the consequence of the occurrence of a tangential displacement current of Maxwell at a photon twirling and breaking.
7. The spin of EM particles arises owing to the twirling of the field of an electromagnetic string.

Additionally in the framework of QEM-string theory take place the many experimental results of physics:
1. The charge conservation low: since in nature there are the same numbers of the photon half periods, the sum of the particle charges is equal to zero.
2. The difference between EM boson-like and fermion-like particles: in the framework of QEM- string theory there are EM boson-like and fermion-like particles so that the bosons contain the even number and the fermions contain the odd number of the twirled semi{\-}photons and other choice does not exists.
3. Masses of QEM-closed string (particles). In QEM- string theory the masses of the particles arise as the "stopped" electromagnetic energy of a twirled string and semi-string. Therefore only the linear open string rest mass is equal to zero; all other QEM particles should have a non-zero rest mass.
4. The neutrality of the Universe: the quantities of "positive" and "negative" half-periods are equal in the Universe.
5. The existence of QEM particles and antiparticles corresponds to the antisymmetry of the twirled semi-string.
7. The spontaneous breakdown of symmetry of QEM string field and the occurrence of the EM particle mass take place at the moment of its twisting and breaking into two half-periods at presence of the nuclear field. As Higgs field here work the electromagnetic field of the nucleus.
8. The QEM twirled wave-particle duality ceases be a riddle in the theory of the twirled strings: in QEM-string theory the QEM particles really represent simultaneously both waves and particles.
 

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  • #24
arivero said:
It is an interesting idea, but does it really match with the ideas and formalism of string theory, or is it just using "string" as a name?

Now I can answer this question in more detail and in the essence.

Many scientists doubt in reality of the theory of strings, super-symmetry and other ideas, connected with the last development of the contemporary fundamental theory of physics. Some consider that this theory “is even not wrong”.

From above-presented theory can conclude that this theory confirm the string theory, but with the important correction:

The presented theory shows that the theory of super-strings is the super-abstract mathematical theory, under which lies sufficiently simple reality and sufficiently simple mathematics. In other words, the presented theory makes it possible to assert that the real world is considerably simpler than mathematical models, which we constructed in our imagination.

I can add also that the above-mentioned theory can be expanded to the theory of Yang- Mills fields (and also that it has mathematical relationship with the equations of the gravity of Einstein).
 

1. What is the Theory of Low-Energy Strings?

The Theory of Low-Energy Strings is a branch of theoretical physics that attempts to unify the fundamental forces of nature by describing them in terms of vibrating strings. It is a theoretical framework that seeks to explain the behavior of particles and their interactions at the smallest scales of the universe.

2. How does the Theory of Low-Energy Strings differ from other theories of physics?

Unlike other theories, such as quantum mechanics and general relativity, which describe particles as point-like objects, the Theory of Low-Energy Strings describes them as tiny strings vibrating in different patterns. This theory also includes gravity as one of the fundamental forces, unlike other theories that treat it as a separate phenomenon.

3. What is the significance of the "low-energy" aspect in this theory?

The "low-energy" aspect refers to the energy scale at which the strings vibrate. In this theory, the strings are assumed to vibrate at a much lower energy compared to other theories, such as the Theory of High-Energy Strings. This low-energy scale allows for the possibility of testing and verifying the theory with current experimental technology.

4. Are there any experimental evidence supporting the Theory of Low-Energy Strings?

While there is currently no direct experimental evidence for the Theory of Low-Energy Strings, some of its predictions, such as the existence of supersymmetry and extra dimensions, have been supported by recent experiments at the Large Hadron Collider. However, more research and experimentation are needed to fully confirm the theory.

5. What are the potential implications of the Theory of Low-Energy Strings for our understanding of the universe?

If the Theory of Low-Energy Strings is proven to be correct, it could provide a unified framework for understanding all the fundamental forces and particles in the universe. It could also potentially reconcile the discrepancies between quantum mechanics and general relativity, leading to a more complete understanding of the universe and its origins. However, more research and experimentation are needed to fully understand the implications of this theory.

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