How Do Stereochemistry and Isomerism Interrelate in These Compounds?

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SUMMARY

This discussion focuses on the interrelation of stereochemistry and isomerism in organic compounds, specifically addressing chiral carbons and geometric isomerism. The first compound demonstrates a chiral carbon and geometric isomerism, while the third compound exhibits geometric isomerism without a chiral carbon, raising questions about its optical isomerism. The fourth compound illustrates geometric isomerism through the cis or trans arrangement of two methyl groups. Key insights include the significance of ring structures and substituent patterns in determining stereochemical properties.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of chiral carbons in organic chemistry
  • Knowledge of geometric isomerism concepts
  • Familiarity with optical isomerism and its criteria
  • Basic principles of stereochemistry and molecular symmetry
NEXT STEPS
  • Study the concept of chiral centers in organic compounds
  • Learn about geometric isomerism and its implications in molecular structures
  • Explore optical isomerism and its applications in pharmaceuticals
  • Investigate the effects of substituent patterns on stereochemical properties
USEFUL FOR

Chemistry students, organic chemists, and researchers interested in stereochemistry and isomerism in organic compounds.

Gourab_chill
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Homework Statement
See the question below.
Relevant Equations
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The answer to this question are the ones I've marked as shown above.
But I'm confused as to how?
The first option is okay since it has a chiral carbon with no plane or line of symmetry and shows geometric isomerism too.
In the third option, the compound shows Geometrical isomerism but i fail to find a chiral carbon- then how can it show optical isomerism?
And as for the last option, i can't make head or tail of how it shows geometrical isomerism.
 
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No.3: the chirality is about the ring-ring bond. The planes of the two rings are perpendicular, and the bulky ortho substituents prevent rotation about this bond. Because of the unsymmetrical substitution pattern, the two mirror-image arrangements can't be superimposed.
no.4: the two methyl groups may be cis or trans relative to each other.
 
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