Are valence quarks real physical entities?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the nature of valence quarks in hadrons, specifically whether they are considered real physical entities or merely a conceptual framework for understanding hadron structure. The context includes aspects of Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS) and the implications of Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs) in particle physics.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants question whether valence quarks are real physical entities or just a conceptual tool for visualizing hadron composition.
  • One participant highlights that PDFs provide probabilities for encountering quarks with specific momenta, suggesting that hadrons do not have a fixed number of constituents.
  • Another participant notes that while hadrons are not eigenstates of a total particle number operator, they can be described as eigenstates of a quark-antiquark operator.
  • There is a discussion about the limitations of DIS experiments, with one participant expressing uncertainty about whether DIS can definitively indicate that protons are composed solely of uud quarks.
  • One participant explains that at higher energies, DIS reveals interactions with virtual quarks and antiquarks, which can include various flavors beyond the valence quarks.
  • Another point raised is that quark states do not exist in the QCD Hilbert space, and the QCD Lagrangian can be expressed using hadron fields, indicating a level of abstraction in the use of quark fields.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the reality of valence quarks, with some emphasizing their conceptual role and others discussing their implications in experimental observations. The discussion remains unresolved regarding the definitive nature of valence quarks as physical entities.

Contextual Notes

Limitations include the dependence on definitions of "real physical entity," the interpretation of PDFs, and the implications of experimental results from DIS. The discussion also touches on the abstract nature of quark fields in the context of QCD.

HEPlover
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Im carefully studying Deep Inelastic Scattering and I have the doubt if valence quarks are real physical entities or if they are just a way we can think hadrons are built. I understand that inside hadron we have the Parton Distribution Functions that say that there are an infinite number of quarks, antiquarks and gluons. In many lectures (https://gsalam.web.cern.ch/gsalam/repository/talks/2009-Bautzen-lecture2.pdf, slide 27) I can see that valence quarks are defined as the integral of the quark minus antiquark PDF distributions. This makes me wonder if the valence quarks are just a way to imagine the composition of hadrons, in the same way the Bohr model hepls to visualize the atom. Thanks for your help!
 
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HEPlover said:
Im carefully studying Deep Inelastic Scattering and I have the doubt if valence quarks are real physical entities or if they are just a way we can think hadrons are built.
If you want an answer to this you will first have to define what you mean by something being a "real physical entity".

HEPlover said:
I understand that inside hadron we have the Parton Distribution Functions that say that there are an infinite number of quarks, antiquarks and gluons.
This is not really what the pdfs say. They tell you the probabilities to encounter a quark with a particular momentum. A hadron does not have a fixed number of particles inside it - it is not an eigenstate of an operator that could be dubbed a "total particle number" operator.

HEPlover said:
In many lectures (https://gsalam.web.cern.ch/gsalam/repository/talks/2009-Bautzen-lecture2.pdf, slide 27) I can see that valence quarks are defined as the integral of the quark minus antiquark PDF distributions.
This encodes the information about the "quark - antiquark content". While a hadron is not an eigenstate of a "total particle number" operator - it is an eigenstate of an quark - antiquark operator.
 
Thanks for your reply Orodruin. What do I mean by physical real quantity? If I understand correctly, deep inelastic scattering experiments tell us protons are made of charged particles...but I am not sure DIS can tell protons are made of only uud quarks. Am I right?
 
What DIS reveals is that, as you increase the energy of the probe particle, it starts to scatter off lighter and lighter constituents of the proton. At higher energies it starts to scatter off virtual quarks and anti-quarks that are fleetingly created from the gluons that mediate the strong force - and sometimes these virtual, "sea" quartks can have other flavours such as strange.
 
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Strictly speaking there are no Quark states in the QCD hilbert space and the QCD lagrangian could be written using only hadron fields.

The quark fields are used because they provide local fields that carry the fundamental rep of the colour group. Thus making the group algebra simpler and giving the integrals a more tractable form, but at the cost of unphysical states.
 

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