Can Dumbbell-Shaped Orbitals Be Experimentally Confirmed?

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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on the experimental confirmation of dumbbell-shaped p-orbitals, specifically in hydrogen atoms. It concludes that while p-orbitals can be mathematically derived from the Schrödinger Equation, they are idealized models rather than physical entities that can be directly observed. The visualization of these orbitals relies on statistical data rather than direct measurement, as the wave function for multiple electrons exists in a complex multidimensional space. The conversation references resources that illustrate the concept but ultimately asserts that these orbitals do not exist in a tangible form.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of the Schrödinger Equation
  • Familiarity with quantum mechanics concepts, particularly wave functions
  • Knowledge of atomic structure and electron configuration
  • Ability to interpret statistical data in the context of quantum theory
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  • Research the visualization techniques for quantum mechanical orbitals
  • Study the implications of wave functions in multi-electron systems
  • Explore the concept of basis sets in quantum chemistry
  • Investigate experimental methods used to infer the existence of atomic orbitals
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This discussion is beneficial for physicists, chemists, and students of quantum mechanics who are interested in the theoretical and experimental aspects of atomic orbitals and their visualization.

Callaghan
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If you solve the Schrödinger Equation, you will get solution for the equation, which is orbital.

My question is, for example, dumbbell-shaped p-orbitals in hydrogen atoms or other atoms,
is there some expert who visualized this orbitals and confirmed experimentally?

And how can it be confirmed experimentally, that p-orbitals exist in a shape of dumbbell?
 
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Orbitals are a particular choice of single electron basis sets, which can be used to make the basis sets for many electrons. The wave function for N electrons is in 3N-dimensional configuration space, so it doesn't have an easy visualization. The wave function for a single electron is in a 3-dimensional configuration space, so it can be visualized as being in space.

http://vergil.chemistry.gatech.edu/courses/chem6485/pdf/basis-sets.pdf
 

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