How is light modeled in astrophysics?

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Haorong Wu
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TL;DR
After propagating a long distance, how light is modeled?
Suppose a light beam is sent from a distant star. When the light beam hit a telescope orbiting around the Earth. How is the light beam modeled? I have searched for many keywords without success.

In my opinion, since the beam has gone so far, it can be viewed as parallel rays, with a decaying amplitude proportional to ##1/d## where d is the propagation distance. Therefore, could I model it as a Gaussian beam with a constant beam radius?
 
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