Undergrad How to show these random variables are independent?

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SUMMARY

The discussion focuses on proving the independence of order statistics from independent Geometric random variables. Specifically, it addresses Exercise 2.5, which states that if ##X_1## and ##X_2## are independent ##\text{Ge}(p)##-distributed random variables, then ##X_{(1)}## and ##X_{(2)} - X_{(1)}## are independent. The solution involves calculating probabilities using indicator functions and conditional expectations, particularly the identity $$P(A)=E[\mathbf1_A]=E[E[\mathbf1_A\mid X]]=E[P(A\mid X)].$$ This method effectively demonstrates the independence of the specified random variables.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of Geometric distribution, specifically ##\text{Ge}(p)##.
  • Knowledge of order statistics and their properties.
  • Familiarity with probability mass functions (pmf) and indicator functions.
  • Concepts of conditional expectation in probability theory.
NEXT STEPS
  • Study the properties of Geometric distributions and their applications.
  • Learn about order statistics in discrete distributions.
  • Explore the use of indicator functions in probability calculations.
  • Investigate conditional expectation and its role in probability theory.
USEFUL FOR

Statisticians, data scientists, and students of probability theory who are interested in understanding the independence of random variables and the properties of discrete distributions.

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TL;DR
I am studying order statistics in An Intermediate Course in Probability by Gut. First the author treats only continuous distributions. In a section on the joint distribution of the extreme order variables ##X_{(n)}=\max\{X_1,\ldots,X_n\}## and ##X_{(1)}=\min\{X_1,\ldots,X_n\}##, the author derives the density of the range. that is ##R_n=X_{(n)}-X_{(1)}##. Then there's an exercise which I simply do not understand why it's in that section.
The exercise that appears in the text is:

Exercise 2.5 The geometric distribution is a discrete analog of the exponential distribution in the sense of lack of memory. More precisely, show that if ##X_1## and ##X_2## are independent ##\text{Ge}(p)##-distributed random variables, then ##X_{(1)}## and ##X_{(2)}-X_{(1)}## are independent.

What I find confusing about this exercise is that the author has, up until now, not derived any results for order statistics when it comes to discrete distributions. I know the formula for the density of ##X_{(1)}## and the range when the underlying distribution is continuous, but these do not apply for discrete distribution. I was thinking going back to an earlier chapter where the author derives distributions of transformations of random variables. I was thinking I could assume ##X_2## to be greater than ##X_1## and then compute the pmf of their difference, but this doesn't feel like a sensible assumption, since after all, ##\max\{X_1,\ldots,X_n\}## is understood pointwise.

How would you go about solving this exercise?
 
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This has been solved. It's a bit of work writing it all down, but basically you want to compute the probabilities ## P\left(X_{(1)}=u\right)##, ##P\left(X_{(1)}=u, X_{(2)}=u+d \right)## and ##P\left(X_{(2)}-X_{(1)}=d \right)##. The first two are fairly straightforward, splitting up the probability using indicator functions. The third probability is a bit more tricky and conditional expectation will come in handy (in addition to indicator functions). In particular, the identity $$P(A)=E[\mathbf1_A]=E[E[\mathbf1_A\mid X]]=E[P(A\mid X)].$$
 
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