# I Second quantization and creation/annih. operators

1. May 4, 2016

### Swamp Thing

I'd like some help with something in this introduction to second quantization ... http://yclept.ucdavis.edu/course/242/Class.html

They start by considering two operators $a$ and $a^\dagger$ such that $[a,a^\dagger]=1$ and they are adjoint to each other. Also introduced is a state $|\alpha\rangle$ that is an eigenvector of the (Hermitian) operator $a^\dagger a$, so that
$a^\dagger a |\alpha\rangle = \alpha |\alpha\rangle$.

They go on to show that the state $a|\alpha\rangle$ is an eigenstate of $a^\dagger a$ with eignvalue $\alpha-1$, and $a^\dagger|\alpha\rangle$ is an eigenstate of $a^\dagger a$ with eigenvalue $\alpha-1$.

Up to this point I managed to follow the plot reasonably well.

But now they say that the above "implies" that

$|\alpha-1\rangle=\frac 1{\sqrt\alpha}\alpha|\alpha\rangle$
and
$|\alpha+1\rangle=\frac 1{\sqrt{\alpha+1}}\alpha|\alpha\rangle$

which I am absulutely unable to understand. How do they get this result? where do the square roots come from? Why is there an asymmetry in the square roots?

2. May 4, 2016

### Ssnow

The square root come from the normalization, in order to have that the number of particle in the state $\alpha$, so $N_{\alpha}=a^{\dagger}a=n_{\alpha}$. I think that the asymmetry consist in that: in one case you have $\sqrt{\alpha+1}$ and in the other $\sqrt{\alpha}$ and not $\sqrt{\alpha-1}$ as the vector $|\alpha-1\rangle$...

3. May 4, 2016

### Swamp Thing

Thanks for the reply.. One reason I am confused is that, up to this point, they are talking about $a$ and $a^\dagger$ as two abstract operators with certain assumed properties -- they have not yet brought in any physics. And they seem to be saying that the square roots follow from (are implied by) the discussion so far. So I'm trying to understand how to derive those terms from what precedes.

4. May 4, 2016

### Fightfish

I'm pretty sure it should be $\alpha+1$, and that
should be
$|\alpha-1\rangle=\frac 1{\sqrt\alpha}\hat{a}|\alpha \rangle$ and $|\alpha+1\rangle=\frac 1{\sqrt{\alpha+1}}\hat{a}^{\dagger}|\alpha\rangle$.
This result can be obtained by demanding that the state kets are normalised - for example, we know that $a^\dagger|\alpha\rangle$ is proportional to $|\alpha+1\rangle$, and we can determine the constant of proportionality by calculating the norm on both sides.

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