Simplify (a cos x + b sin x)² + (b cos x - a sin x)²

[Jameson]

Simplify [math]\left({a \cos x + b \sin x}\right)^2 + \left({b \cos x - a \sin x}\right)^2[/math]
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[Jameson]

Congratulations to the following members for their correct solutions:

1) MarkFL
2) Sudharaka
3) soroban
4) BAdhi
5) Siron

Solution #1 (from soroban):[sp] Simplify: $(a\cos x + b\sin x)^2 + (b\cos x - a\sin x)^2$

We have: .[/color]$a^2\cos^2\!x + 2ab\sin x\cos x + b^2\sin^2\!x + b^2\cos^2\!x - 2ab\sin x\cos x + a^2\sin^2\!x $

. . . . . [/color]$=\;a^2\sin^2\!x + a^2\cos^2\!x + b^2\sin^2\!x + b^2\cos^2\!x $

. . . . . [/color]$=\;a^2\underbrace{(\sin^2\!x + \cos^2\!x)}_{\text{This is 1}} + b^2\underbrace{(\sin^2\!x + \cos^2\!x)}_{\text{This is 1}}$

. . . . . [/color]$=\;a^2 + b^2$
[/size][/sp]

Solution #2 (from MarkFL):[sp]Using linear combination identities, we have:

$\displaystyle (a^2+b^2)\sin^2\left(x+\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{a}{b} \right) \right)+(a^2+b^2)\sin^2\left(x-\cot^{-1}\left(\frac{a}{b} \right)+\pi \right)$

Using the identity:

$\displaystyle \tan^{-1}(\theta)+\cot^{-1}(\theta)=\frac{\pi}{2}$ we may write:

$\displaystyle (a^2+b^2)\sin^2\left(x+\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{a}{b} \right) \right)+(a^2+b^2)\sin^2\left(x+\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{a}{b} \right)+\frac{\pi}{2} \right)$

Using the identity $\displaystyle \sin\left(\theta+\frac{\pi}{2} \right)=\cos(\theta)$, we have:

$\displaystyle (a^2+b^2)\sin^2\left(x+\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{a}{b} \right) \right)+(a^2+b^2)\cos^2\left(x+\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{a}{b} \right) \right)$

$\displaystyle (a^2+b^2)\left(\sin^2\left(x+\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{a}{b} \right) \right)+\cos^2\left(x+\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{a}{b} \right) \right) \right)$

Using the Pythagorean identity $\displaystyle \sin^2(\theta)+\cos^2(\theta)=1$ we are left with:

$\displaystyle a^2+b^2$[/sp]