jbergman said:
Is ##\mathfrak{p}## a prime ideal? And what does ##M_{\mathfrak{p}}## mean? I studied some of this a while ago I am Aluffi and Jacobsen but have forgotten most of it.
I think ##\mathfrak{p}## is a prime ideal.
Reminder:
Definition: Multiplicatively closed
Let ##R## be a ring. A subset ##S \subset R## is called multiplicatively closed if ##1 \in S##, and ##ab \in S## for all ##a,b \in S##.
Definition: Localisation of a ring
Let ##S## be a multiplicatively closed subset of a ring ##R##. Then
$$
(a,s) \sim (a',s') : \Leftrightarrow \text{ there is an element } u \in S \text{ such that } u (as' - a's) = 0
$$
is an equivalence relation on ##R \times S##. We denote the equivalence class of ##(a,s) \in R \times S## by ##\frac{a}{s}##. The set of all equivalence classes
$$
S^{-1} R := \left\{ \frac{a}{s} : a \in R , s \in S \right\}
$$
is then called the localization of ##R## at the multiplicatively closed set ##S##. It is a ring together with the addition and scalar multiplication
$$
\frac{a}{s} + \frac{a'}{s'} := \frac{as' +a's}{ss'} \quad \text{and} \quad \frac{a}{s} \cdot \frac{a'}{s'} = \frac{aa'}{ss'} .
$$
Complement of a ring with respect to a prime ideal is a multiplicatively closed set. Proof:
We must have ##1 \in R / \mathfrak{p}## because ##\mathfrak{p}## is proper being a prime ideal. For if ##1 \in \mathfrak{p}##, then would have ##r = r1 \in \mathfrak{p}## for all ##r \in R##, implying ##R = \mathfrak{p}##. Contradicting that ##\mathfrak{p}## is proper.
Suppose ##a,b \in R / \mathfrak{p}## but ##ab \not\in R / \mathfrak{p}##. This means that ##a,b \not\in \mathfrak{p}## but ##ab \in \mathfrak{p}##. This contradicts the definition of a prime ideal, and therefore we must have ##ab \in R / \mathfrak{p}##.
If ##S = R / \mathfrak{p}## is the complement of a prime ideal ##\mathfrak{p}##, then ##S^{-1} R## is denoted ##R_\mathfrak{p}##.Definition: Localisation of a module
Let ##S## be a multiplicatively closed subset of a ring ##R##, and let ##M## be an ##R-##module. Then
$$
(m,s) \sim (m',s') : \Leftrightarrow \text{ there is an element } u \in S \text{ such that } u (s'm - sm') = 0
$$
is an equivalence relation on ##M \times S##. We denote the equivalence class of ##(m,s) \in M \times S## by ##\frac{m}{s}##. The set of all equivalence classes
$$
S^{-1} M := \left\{ \frac{m}{s} : m \in M , s \in S \right\}
$$
is then called the localization of ##M## at ##S##. It is an ##S^{-1} R-##module together with the addition and scalar multiplication
$$
\frac{m}{s} + \frac{m'}{s'} := \frac{s'm +sm'}{ss'} \quad \text{and} \quad \frac{a}{s} \cdot \frac{m'}{s'} = \frac{am'}{ss'}
$$
for all ##a \in R##, ##m,m' \in M##, and ##s,s' \in S##.If ##S = R / \mathfrak{p}## is the complement of a prime ideal ##\mathfrak{p}##, then ##S^{-1} M## is denoted ##M_\mathfrak{p}##.