What Are the Scientific Names for These Physical Movements?

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aoede
I have three questions. I don't know if any of these questions have "physics" answers:

1) With all five fingers together, wave bye bye. Now abduct them (spread them out) and wave bye bye. The addition of the abductor muscles creates a strain on the flexors. What is that secondary disrupting force called?

2) If you lie your arm flat on a table and poke the table, you could strain your tendons but if you poke the table from above, you won't strain. What is the flat position called? Like, a crane lying on the ground can't swing a wrecking ball but, in the upright position it can.

3) A fishing pole is thick at the base and thin at the tip so that the flexibility can cast the lure most efficiently. What is that construction called . . . where the base is stronger? The base moves the least so the tip moves the most causing the lure to go the furthest. For instance, swatting a fly, the shoulder moves a little but the hand travels two or three feet.
 
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(1) Just describes separate actions .

(2) Mechanical advantage .

(3) Optimal design of a device used for a specific purpose .